Next, let's study together from the perspective of Liaoning culture!
The Historical Origin of Northeast Drum
There are two theories about the origin of the northeast drum: one is that the calligrapher Huang Laishen performed and absorbed local folk songs; Second, during the Daoguang and Xianfeng periods of the Qing Dynasty, "Tungu" artists from western Liaoning entered the city to perform and developed into Fengtian drums. On the basis of Heizi Ben and Di Zi Ben, the singing of Northeast Drum was gradually formed by absorbing and drawing lessons from Laoting Drum, Jingyun Drum and Erren. According to reports, around the 1930s, the Northeast Drum reached its peak, and it can be seen everywhere in Shenyang's teahouses, North Market and Xiaoheyan. At that time, Zhang liked to listen to the northeast drum sung by the famous artist Huo Shutang.
The Performance Form of Northeast Drum
Most of the performances of the Northeast Drum are performed by an actor drumming and clapping, accompanied by a band of one to several people. The main accompaniment instruments are Sanxian, Hu Si, Pipa and dulcimer. The actor's self-drum, also called the book drum, is oblate and covered on both sides. Put it on the drum stand and hit it with a drum arrow (made of bamboo). There are two kinds of boards, one is composed of two boards; The other is composed of two half-moon copper or steel sheets, commonly known as "Yuanyang board". The musical structure of Northeast Drum belongs to banqiang, and the basic form of lyrics is 7 sentences. There are big mouth adagio, small mouth adagio, adagio 26, Allegro, three boards and so on. In addition, there are some minor tunes such as Sad Melody, Xicheng Melody and Qikou Melody as its auxiliary vocals.
Types of Northeast Drum
In the long-term spreading process, the Northeast Drum has formed different schools in different regions and different customs. The Phoenix Carving with Shenyang as its axis is beautiful and lyrical, which is suitable for singing stories such as A Dream of Red Mansions. The "Cheng Nan Tune" centered on Yingkou, Gaixian, Xiuyan and Haicheng is impassioned and suitable for singing stories such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The "Xicheng Tune" with Jinzhou as the axis has a mournful and deep singing voice, which is suitable for dramas of tragic stories such as Meng Jiangnv Looking for a Husband. There is also the "Dongcheng Tune" with Jilin as the axis, and the "Jiangbei Tune" popular in Heilongjiang (also known as "Beicheng Tune").
Traditional repertoire of northeast drum
There are about 200 traditional repertoires of Northeast Drum, and now there are about 150 repertoires, which can be divided into three categories: Di Zi vertical section, Three Kingdoms vertical section and grass section. Di Zi Shuduan is mostly based on novels and popular operas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with elegant and literary lyrics, and a few works reflect the real life in the Qing Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms section, there are songs about Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan, Zhang, Zhao, Ma and General Huang Wuhua. Caoduan is a popular lyric created and performed by folk artists with a wide range of subjects. After liberation, a large number of modern songs appeared, such as Yang Jingyu's "Big Pocket Array" and "Cabin in Spring".
In recent years, with the continuous development and growth of Liaoning culture, the cultural form has shown the characteristics of modernization and diversification, and the audience groups of the Northeast Drum have shifted a lot, which has caused serious difficulties in inheritance and performance, and its survival is in crisis. In this situation, the protection and development of the northeast drum becomes urgent. At present, Shenyang has carried out a general survey, collected material objects and compiled a series of books on Northeast Drum to protect the endangered art of Northeast Drum ... On May 20, 2006, Northeast Drum was approved to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.