?
Summary of junior high school history knowledge points: ideology and culture
First, Confucius
Confucius, named Qiu, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was a great thinker and the founder of Confucianism. He is also a great educator. His main idea: Is it benevolence? And then what? Polite politics, advocating? Governing the country by virtue? . Advocate? De? Educate the people? A gift? Governing the country. Confucianism, represented by Confucius, has a great influence on the ideology and culture of later generations. Is Confucius still a great educational thought, establishing private schools and advocating them? Confucius encouraged students to think independently and dare to stick to correct opinions. He said: Do your duty to the teacher? . According to the different characteristics of students, he adopts the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, so that their potential can be developed. Confucius' disciples compiled his remarks into The Analects of Confucius.
Second, the historical facts introduced by Buddhism
Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China through the Silk Road in the late Western Han Dynasty. The spread of Buddhism has injected new factors into China culture, which has had a wide and far-reaching impact on later generations.
Three. history
Historical Records written by Sima Qian is the first biographical general history in the history of China. It describes the main historical events from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty for about 3000 years. This book has become a model for future generations to write history books.
Fourth, "Purple Tongzhi Sword"
Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, presided over the compilation of China's first annals of general history? Take history as a mirror. Zi Tong Zhi Jian records the history from the division of Han, Zhao and Wei in the Warring States Period to the end of the Five Dynasties in chronological order, which has had an important impact on the development of China's historiography.
Five, understand Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, seal script, official script and other fonts, and understand the evolution of Chinese characters.
(1) Oracle Bone Inscriptions
During the Shang Dynasty, the divination results were engraved on tortoise shells or animal bones and became long or short notes, which were called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. This kind of writing is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins records and reflects the activities of Shang kings and the political and economic situation of Shang Dynasty, which is of great value to the study of Shang history. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature script, and today's Chinese characters are closely related to Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
(2) bronze inscription
The words engraved on the "One Lesson" bronze ware are called inscriptions, also called inscriptions.
(C) Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu
Qin Shihuang stipulated that Xiao Zhuan was the standard text, which was promulgated in the world. Later, a new font official script was introduced? . P7 1 Qin unified character table
Summary of junior high school history knowledge points: the invasion of foreign powers and the struggle of China people
1. Lin Zexu and Humen ban smoking (contact local chronicles)
1June, 839, Lin Zexu publicly destroyed all the opium collected in Humentan, Guangzhou.
2. The time and result of the Opium War.
1840 In June, the British fleet invaded the waters near China and Guangdong, and the Opium War officially broke out. P5:1842 In August, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking by force.
3. The British and French allied forces burned Yuanmingyuan.
Look at the picture:? Yuanmingyuan after the fire? . 1860, British and French invaders broke into the famous royal garden in the western suburbs of Beijing? Yuanmingyuan, madly looting the treasures in the garden. After the looting, the invaders set fire to the garden. This is a catastrophe in the history of human civilization. )
4. The historical fact that Russia occupied a large area of northern China through unequal treaties.
Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia took the despicable means of seizing China's territory by force, and then forced the Qing government to sign a treaty, occupying more than 50,000 square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest of China.
5. The basic historical facts of recovering Xinjiang from the left (combined with local chronicles)
Left to recover Xinjiang. According to Zuo's suggestion, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
6. Deng Shichang's main deeds in the Sino-Japanese War.
In the Sino-Japanese War, Deng Shichang, the captain of Zhiyuan Ship, died heroically to protect the flagship.
7. Historical facts of Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.
1900, Russian, British, American, Japanese, German, French, Italian and Austrian invaders led by Seymour, vice admiral, England invaded Beijing. 1900 in mid-August, it invaded Peking, burned and looted everywhere, and committed heinous crimes against the people of China. 190 1 In September, Li Hongzhang, the plenipotentiary of the Qing government, signed the Treaty of Shame and Ugliness with Russia, Britain, the United States and other countries.
8. Briefly describe the main contents of treaty of nanking, and understand the influence of the Opium War on modern China society.
The main contents of the treaty: opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; China compensation 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; Cede Hong Kong Island to Britain; China must reach an agreement with Britain on the taxes paid by British businessmen on imported and exported goods.
Influence: treaty of nanking was the first unequal treaty in modern China. China's national sovereignty and territorial integrity have been destroyed, and it has lost its independent status. Ancient China began to be involved in the whirlpool of world capitalism.
9. Briefly describe the main contents of treaty of shimonoseki, and explain the relationship between treaty of shimonoseki and the aggravation of national crisis in China.
The main contents of the treaty: the Qing government cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan; Compensation for Japanese military spending of 200 million taels of silver; Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports; Allow Japan to open factories at trading ports.
Influence: treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty after treaty of nanking, which greatly deepened the national crisis in China.
10. Combining with the main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty, this paper analyzes the influence of the Xin Chou Treaty on the comprehensive deepening of the national crisis in China.
According to the treaty, (1) the Qing government compensated other countries for 450 million taels of silver, which was paid off in 39 years, with 980 million taels of principal and interest; (2) Beijing Dongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and China people are not allowed to live on the border; (3) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in anti-imperialist activities; (4) The Qing government dismantled the fortified fortress along the Dagu-Beijing railway from Tianjin, allowing the great powers to send troops from Beijing to important places along the Shanhaiguan railway.
Influence: Through the "Xin Chou Treaty", western powers further controlled China, and the Qing government became a tool for western powers to rule China. A court for foreigners? .