In August of the fourth year of Chongzhen (163 1), Huang taiji launched the Daling River War, and Wu Xiang fled when he went to aid.
Wu Sangui
As a result, the whole army was destroyed, Zu Dashou was eliminated, Sun Chengzong went, Wu Xiang was imprisoned, and Wu Sangui was appointed as the company commander of Liaodong, guarding Shanhaiguan. According to historical records, Wu Sangui was the last combative warrior in the late Ming Dynasty.
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), at the beginning of March, Li Zicheng broke Datong and was sure to approach Beijing. Emperor Chongzhen's scud named him Pingxibo, which made him give up Ningyuan (now Xingcheng, Liaoning Province) and go to Wei, and used Wu Xiang as the prefect of Beijing camp. Wu Sangui was ordered to enter Beijing and arrived at Shanhaiguan on 16th. On the way, he "unhurriedly postponed and simply read and rode". When he arrived in Fengrun, Hebei Province on the 20th, the peasant uprising army led by Li Zicheng had entered Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan (Jingshan Park). Beijing fell, Wu Sangui withdrew and surrendered to Shanhaiguan. After Li Zicheng, he was surrendered many times. Wu Sangui hesitated, because his concubine, Chen Yuanyuan, was kidnapped by the Ministry of Li Zicheng and his father was detained. It was "very cool" and he was furious. So he wrote to Prince Dourgen of Qingrui, asking the Qing soldiers to enter the customs to destroy the thieves. On hearing this news, Li Zicheng went to Shanhaiguan to attack Wu Sangui in April 13 with an army of 100,000, claiming to be 200,000. Wu Jun was defeated at the beginning of the battle of Shanhaiguan on the 22nd. Wu Sangui turned to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty for help, and the Qing soldiers entered the customs. Wu Sangui and the Qing army jointly defeated Li Zicheng in the Battle of One Stone, and were named the King of the Day by the Qing Dynasty.
Soon, Wu Sangui became a pioneer of the Qing army, pursued Li Zicheng, wiped out the remnants of bandits in Shaanxi and other places, wiped out the Sichuan warlord Zhang, and ended the autocratic regime he established in Sichuan. In the 14th year of Qing Shunzhi (1657), he attacked Nanming Yungui and other areas with the Qing army Doni. In sixteen years, the Qing court ordered him to guard Yunnan, led troops into Myanmar, and forced the king of Myanmar to hand over Li Yong, the emperor of Nanming. In the first year of Kangxi (1662), Wu Sangui killed the Nanming Emperor Li Yong in Kunming. In the same year, the Qing court named Wu Sangui as the Prince of Heaven, and also governed Guizhou Province and Yunnan-Guizhou Province during Yongzheng. Geng, the king of Jingnan guarding Fujian, and Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan guarding Guangdong, all echoed his letter and became self-respecting San Francisco.
In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi, due to insufficient taxes, the court ordered Wu Sangui to reduce its troops. Wu Sangui reduced the number of green camp and defectors from 60,000 to 24,000, leaving only elite troops. In the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), the Qing court ordered the withdrawal of vassals. Wu Sangui rebelled after hearing the news. Claiming to be the King of Zhou, the commander of the world's land and water marshals, and the general Lu of Xingming, he issued a campaign to unite Pingnan, Jingnan Shangzhixin, Jingnan Geng, General Guangxi and Shaanxi magistrate Wang to call for anti-Qing and invade Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Fujian and Guangdong provinces. The war spread to Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, known as the San Francisco Rebellion. The Qing government deployed heavy troops to suppress the rebellion and gradually turned the tide. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), Wu Sangui proclaimed himself emperor in Hengzhou (now Hengyang), calling Hengzhou "Yingtianfu", with the title of Zhou and Jianyuan Zhaowu. He himself began to grow hair and changed to wear the crown robe of the Ming emperor. In the autumn of the same year, he died in Hengzhou Palace. His grandson Wu Shizhen succeeded to Hengzhou and retired to Guiyang and Yunnan. In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), Kunming was besieged, Wu Shifan committed suicide, and the rest surrendered. Almost all the descendants of Wu Sangui were killed, including babies, and some of them lived in seclusion in parts of Guizhou and Yunnan for hundreds of years to avoid the massacre of the nine ethnic groups. There is a biography of Wu Sangui in the Draft of Qing History.
This is the fate of Emperor Zhou, but he laid half the country for the Qing Dynasty, dared to sacrifice his country for love, and killed a generation of lean Li Zicheng. Many tragedies and helplessness have created his colorful, complex and changeable life character: both the true feelings of "rushing to the crown and being angry as a beauty"; There is also cruelty and greed that loves Jiangshan more than beauty; He is capricious, treacherous, rebellious, aggressive and anti-Qing ... All the good and evil in his life are born in him ... But Wu Sangui, as one of the legendary figures in history, is the most critical chip on the historical stage in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. It once influenced the historical trend at that time. Therefore, later generations have different opinions on it, some positive and some negative. It is difficult to outline his own personality and the bizarre and dizzying changes in his life.
"Leading" Qing soldiers into the customs
Wu Sangui Palace
On the first day of March in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Bianjiang, the company commander of Datong, surrendered to Dashun Army. Shi Jing shook. Because Datong is the gateway to the west of Gyeonggi, Datong has fallen and Beijing is in danger. At this point, Chongzhen could no longer bear the heavy responsibility of northern defense undertaken by Wu Sangui Department stationed in Ning Guan, and urged Wu Sangui to join Wei Shijing. In mid-March, Wu Sangui immediately moved in with hundreds of thousands of Liao people from Ningyuan area, arrived at Shanhaiguan on March 19 (Monday 16), and then led the army westward to both capitals. 22, Wu Sangui soldiers arrived in Yutian area. At this moment, they suddenly got the news that the capital fell into the hands of Chongzhen and hanged themselves. At the same time, knowing that Tang Tong, the company commander of Juyongguan in Ming Dynasty, had fallen to Dashun, Li Zicheng ordered him to take advantage of his weakness to occupy Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui was in a dilemma and worried.
Just two or three days after Wu Sangui left Ningyuan, the Qing court in Shenyang was already packed. This is good news for them. The city of Ningyuan is undoubtedly a black hole in their brilliant career. This is a shame that they can't erase. At the beginning of the 11th year of Destiny (A.D. 1626), their powerful Khan Nurhachi led 60,000 troops to defeat in Ningyuan in a victory with the Ming court. Nurhachi was also shot. After the Qing army retreated to Shenyang, Nurhachi felt ashamed and angry all day long, and soon his injury (carbuncle on his back) worsened and he died. This butcher, who caused countless disasters, finally finished his 68-year evil life. After some competition, Huang Taiji, the eighth son of Nurhachi, inherited the position of Khan.
In the first year of Tiancong (AD 1627), after the victory of Huang Taiji's invasion of Korea, he led the victorious army to pounce on Jinzhou and Ningyuan, aiming to win and avenge his father, which was a national shame. Unexpectedly, Zhao Lvjiao was determined to stick to Golden State and defend Ningyuan to the death with Yuan Chonghuan. After 8 jin j casualties pillow by, huang taiji had to submit to humiliation, withdraw from the enclosure. Manchu once again defeated Ningyuan at the gates.
In August of the eighth year of Chongde (AD 1643), Huang Taiji died suddenly. Master Fu Lin, Dourgen, Regent Jill Harlan. In order to establish prestige, in September, Gil Harlan couldn't wait to lead the army to storm the few remaining military strongholds outside the customs. He quickly attacked the occupied Housuo, Zhongqiansuo and Qiantunwei, but when he led an army to attack Ningyuan, he was met by loyal opposition of Wu Sangui. Ningyuan, this city is a nightmare for Manchu. From 1626 to 1643, the Qing army stormed three times and failed. However, I didn't expect it today. The Qing court was overjoyed. After hearing the news, Dourgen and others, who were eager to make contributions, immediately ordered that "the armament should be repaired, the grain and horses should be stored, and a big discussion should be held in early April."
From late March to early April, Wu Sangui wandered around Yongping and Yutian. Chongzhen died, and the Ming court died. Like all the old ministers in the Ming Dynasty, he was looking for a way out. And the shortest way out is to surrender Dashun. This does not violate the moral code. Dynasty changes, since ancient times. Since a poor monk in Ming Taizu has become the only thrill, why can't Li Zicheng be emperor?
Dashun's policy towards Wu Sangui is also surrender. Li Zicheng sent messengers to Sangui, gave four months' rations and forty-two thousand pieces of silver, and announced that "meritorious service will be rewarded". For Wu Jun, who has been short of salary for more than a year, this is really a timely help. Wu Sangui surrendered. At this critical moment, Wu Sangui received two documents. One is a letter from the messenger of Dashun who took his father Wu Xiang to persuade him to submit to Li Zicheng, and the other is a secret letter sent to Wu Sangui, detailing the process of his father being arrested and tortured by Liu Zongmin. His father has collected 52,000 pieces of silver, but it is far from Liu Zongmin's claim of 202,000 pieces. In addition, Wu Sangui's beloved concubine Chen Yuanyuan was also occupied by Liu Zongmin. Wu Sangui was furious. So he drew his sword and beheaded the case, and raised his account to perform the military field. He beheaded one of them and cut off the ear of the other, making him spread a rumor that Li Zicheng: "Li thief gave his head." At the same time, arise and return to defeat Tang Tong and recapture Shanhaiguan.
Wu Sangui changed from ambiguous attitude to open confrontation, which caused an uproar in Dashun Dynasty. One view is that it should be conquered immediately. The idea of another school is to put it temporarily. There are two reasons for holding the latter view. First of all, Liu Zongmin, Lee Guo and others have been intoxicated with the joy of victory. It's really a pleasure to plagiarize and plunder corrupt officials and have Maggie. I don't want to risk my life at once. Second, Niu Jinxing, Song and other people's suggestions are based on strategic considerations, and they think that it is not suitable for large-scale expeditions at present. Because "Xindu won the hearts of the people" and Wu Jun is famous for its "ability to fight", it should not be underestimated. They think it is better to maintain the status quo for the time being and continue to recruit and surrender. But Li Zicheng through the crowd, ordered personal expedition. On April 13, Li Zicheng led hundreds of troops, claiming that 200,000 troops left the capital and marched eastward.
When the Dashun Dynasty decided to conquer, Wu Sangui found it in advance and was greatly surprised. He thinks that there is no power to resist Dashun Army. In order to protect himself, he decided to borrow soldiers from Manchu. The condition is not only to give Manchu money, but also to "pay for land." Manchu did not realize these changes in Shanhaiguan. It only knows that Li Zicheng is trapped in Beijing and Chongzhen is dead. It should take this opportunity of chaos in the Central Plains to compete with Dashun for the world. On April 9, the Manchu army headed for Shenyang. After Weng's trip on 15th, he met a special envoy sent by Wu Sangui. Dourgen and others were overjoyed and suspicious, and did not speed up the March. Arrive in Lianshan on the 20th. Wu Sangui's second special envoy has arrived. Li Zicheng army has thin Shanhaiguan, the situation is urgent. Hearing the news, the Qing army traveled 200 Li day and night and arrived in the customs on the evening of 2 1 day. 2 1 Day During the day, Dashun Army fought with Wu Jun, and Wu Jun was exhausted. Wu Sangui once again sent envoys to the Qing army camp, urging the Qing army to participate in the war. At this time, Dourgen, who knew the situation, was not satisfied with what Wu Sangui said: "Not only wealth, but also land should be divided into rewards". His ambition is to enter the Central Plains, so he insists that Wu Sangui must shave his hair instead of sending troops to help. At this point, Wu Sangui has no choice. If you fight Dashun Army alone tomorrow, you will be defeated and your life will be destroyed. So he had to go to the Qing camp, shave his head and bow down, just like Dourgen did. The next day, Shanhaiguan War started. The cunning Dourgen ordered Wu Jun to fight Dashun Army first. When the warring parties are exhausted and Wu Jun is exhausted, the party will go into battle. The unprepared Dashun army is saying, "The Tatars are coming!" In an exclamation, the defeat was like a mountain. "For a while, the battlefield was empty, the bodies were everywhere, and the wilderness was full."
At this point, Wu Sangui's so-called idea of using Qing soldiers to cut Dashun and restore the room of vision became a bubble. The Manchu Dynasty, which had completely grasped the initiative militarily and politically, only regarded Wu Sangui as one of many officials who surrendered to the Ming Dynasty and drove him away as a running dog to serve his attempt to conquer all China.
Little-known Wu Sangui
If many people don't know much about the specific process of the Qing Dynasty in Wu Sangui, then even fewer people know about Wu Sangui's personal experience. Practically speaking, Wu Sangui is not cut out to be a traitor.
As a military commander, Wu Sangui is less than eight feet tall and only of medium build, but he is handsome and dignified, brave and skilled in martial arts. In the battle, he was indomitable, rushing left and right, and he was extremely brave. Once Huang Taiji saw him from a distance, he could not help but sigh to his subordinates: "Wu Zhu is really good!"
16 12 (forty years of Wanli) Wu Sangui was born in Zhonghousuo, Hanzhen, and his ancestral home was Gaoyou, Jiangsu. His father, Wu Xiang, was a gentry. After the rise of Nurhachi, he carried out harsh ethnic discrimination policies in Liao country, plundering and killing Han people, so he joined the army in anger and held group training to protect the environment and people. Ming Jiazhi entrusted Liaodong company commanders to hold this post forever. He has made outstanding military achievements and is known as "the giant arm of Liao Right". In the struggle with the late Jin Dynasty, Wu Xiang forged a friendship with some Ming Dynasty military commanders in Liaoning Province at that time, and married his sister to Zu Dashou, a famous Liaodong star who won the title of "Pioneer Seal" in Jinzhou. Wu Sangui grew up in a war-torn area, a family with a history of anti-Japanese war. This undoubtedly tempered his courage and anti-gold consciousness from an early age. On the battlefield, young Wu Sangui was very brave. In a battle, he rushed into the enemy line and shot down a red flag prince with an arrow. When he waved a knife to cut off the prince's head before flattery, unexpectedly, the prince suddenly cut his nose with a knife. Wu Sangui is bleeding, but fearless. Tear off the red flag, bind up the wound, and fight again immediately.
On one occasion, Wu Xiang led 500 cavalry as scouts, and unexpectedly met the late Jin army and was besieged. At that time, after the defeat of the Ming army in the battle of Salhu, I was very worried about the "wild wave war" with the Qing army. Generally speaking, the Han cavalry trained from the children of farmers is no match for jurchen riding. Even if the cavalry is twice as strong, the Ming army has no chance of winning, not to mention hundreds of Ming troops trapped in a large array. When Wu Sangui learned that his father was in danger, he immediately rushed to his uncle Zu Dashou's tent and asked him to send troops to save his father from danger. Zu Dashou thought it was impossible, and it would only increase casualties, so he refused to say, "How dare I act rashly, because the responsibility of protecting China's borders is great! In case of defeat, will you be safe? " Sangui knew that she couldn't be strong and left in tears. She immediately called dozens of servants and rushed into the encirclement like a strong wind. When he found his father's team, he shouted, "Come with me!" And led five hundred riding deus ex, ran back to Ningyuan. The battle shocked the whole army. From then on, the young Wu Sangui's reputation as "the courage of the three armed forces and the filial piety of the nine realms" became a household name in Liao country.
Wu Sangui, a young hero, is highly valued by his parents. Liaodong prison army accepted him as an adopted son. 1639 (the 12th year of Chongzhen), Hong Chengchou recommended him as the company commander of Liaodong. He is only 27 years old. Wu Sangui is very strict in training. Among the towns under Hong Chengchou, Wu Sangui was the most powerful. Wu Sangui is not satisfied with this, he specially retrained an extremely elite cavalry of one thousand people. There are 20 teams, each with 50 people. "Sign twenty, the name of the book leader, inserted in the boot. If you are in a hurry, it is necessary to sign someone, someone leads the ride, and there is no loss in the conflict. "
164 1 year (the fourteenth year of Chongzhen), the battle of Jinsong ended in a fiasco of the Ming army. If the defeat of Salhu 23 years ago indicated that Houjin had mastered the initiative of the Commissioner, then the defeat of Jin Song indicated that Mingting was defeated in the whole campaign. Jin Song's defeat caused the Ming Dynasty to lose a large number of elite soldiers and war generals. Veteran Cao Bianjiao was captured and killed. Hong Chengchou, Zu Dashou and others surrendered. Only Wu Sangui struggled in Ningyuan Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui called for exile and revived the army under extremely difficult conditions. Soon, tens of thousands of troops were organized to stick to Shanhaiguan and Ningyuan outside Shanhaiguan. In the case of the death or surrender of the former Liaodong war general, Wu Sangui became the only surviving anti-Qing star. The following year, Huang Taiji launched the Battle of Nonong. Abatai and Turg were sent to avoid Shanhaiguan defended by Wu Sangui and enter the customs from Huangyakou. Burning and looting, the soldiers went straight to Lubei. The generals in Shanhaiguan all fled like a gust of wind. Only Wu Sangui dared to lead the troops into the customs to attack the Qing army, and he repeatedly made gains. 1643, as mentioned above, Wu Sangui's loyal resistance made the invincible Qing army suffer the third defeat at Ningyuanmen.
In order to solve the insurmountable barrier of Shanhaiguan, the Qing court launched a powerful surrender offensive to Wu Sangui. Because Wu Sangui's uncle Zu Dashou and his mentor Hong Chengchou, as well as Wu Sanfeng, Zukefa, Zhang Cunren and many other brothers and colleagues have fallen, Huang Taiji personally wrote to him to surrender, and also called these surrender generals who had various relations with Wu Sangui to write to him to surrender. But Wu Sangui was unmoved. Of course, this is partly because his father stayed in Beijing as a hostage, and partly because of Wu Sangui's anti-Qing consciousness.
The objective reasons for attracting Qing soldiers into the customs.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of court officials in the late Ming Dynasty became traitors for various reasons. Common ones are fighting poverty and finding an official after joining the army. The former is typical of Hong Chengchou and Zu Dashou, while the latter is typical of Zhang Cunren, Ma Guangyuan and Quan Feng. Wu Sangui is different from them. Wu Sangui is not poor. Shanhaiguan and fifty thousand soldiers are under his control. He was an official from the company commander of the Ming court to Pingxibo. If Mingting can prolong his life, his promotion plan is still in full swing. More importantly, he started an uncompromising struggle with the Manchu since he was a teenager, so it can be said that there is no obvious traitor factor in him. In view of this, it is necessary to explore the reasons why he eventually became a big traitor.
Facing the facts, we should admit that objective factors are the important reasons why Wu Sangui turned into a traitor. This objective factor is a series of wrong practices adopted by Li Zicheng after he entered Beijing.
Based on the hatred of peasant rebels against the landlord class and Ming bureaucrats, it is understandable that many Dashun army officers and men robbed and hunted down Ming officials. The problem is that Li Zicheng does not have the vision and mind of a feudal dynasty reformer. The ancient peasant uprising was not a modern democratic revolution. Can only be replaced by a new dynasty. If Dashun wants to gain a foothold, it must cooperate with the bureaucrats of the old Ming Dynasty. Moreover, these ancient bureaucrats have abandoned the Zhu Ming regime and are ready to cooperate with the Dashun dynasty with open arms. For example, Hui Shiyang knelt down to Li Zicheng during the ceremony and said, "I was born an old minister and I want to leave your majesty." But Li Zicheng lacks insight into the mystery. Li Zicheng lost the hearts and minds of the capital by letting Dashun soldiers raid Ming officials and even harass the people. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, many officials returned to the rebellion after falling off their horses, while others fled in disguise.
Generally speaking, Dashun abandoned the cooperation of Ming bureaucrats, which was crucial to the stability of his own regime. In part, Dashun pushed back to Wu Sangui. This is not only the key to the Qing Dynasty in Wu Sangui, but also the key to the downfall of Dashun Dynasty. For those ten days-a brief moment in the long river of history-the records in various historical books are slightly different. In the face of drastic changes, Wu Sangui was emotional and lost his mind. According to records, he has accepted Li Zicheng's surrender. Only in the absence of full publicity, I got the news that my father was detained and robbed and that I loved myself was occupied. It is said that he can barely accept his father's suffering, but he will never accept the humiliation of Aiji. He knew that he was caught between the Manchu and Li Zicheng forces. It is natural for him to surrender to Dashun, whether because his father was detained in Beijing or because of his hatred with Manchu for more than ten years. However, the 32-year-old hot-blooded young military commander, after beheading Li Zicheng's special envoy and boasting that "Li thief sent his head", cut off the road he should have taken and planned to take. However, despite this, he still had doubts about the Qing Dynasty, so that he wanted to commit suicide after learning that Li Zicheng was at war. However, when he faced the reality, he had to find a way to dispatch troops to Manchu. This move moved the capital of the Manchu Dynasty from Shenyang to Beijing, and Wu Sangui regretted it.
Imagine that if the Dashun Dynasty could win over the Ming Dynasty bureaucrats, including Wu Sangui, the situation might be different. Li Zicheng not only failed to crusade against Wu Sangui with 100,000 troops, but also helped it defend the Manchu Dynasty in the north. After stabilizing the situation, we will lead the troops to unify Jiangnan. Judging from the corruption of Hong Guang regime in Nanming, it should be reasonable. Or because of the shortage of northern Xinjiang, Dashun dynasty was unable to travel south for quite some time, so the total strength of Li Zicheng, Wu Sangui and a large number of Ming generals, such as Datong company commanders and Bian Jiang, was enough to resist the Manchu Dynasty. In the past, the Ming court was so difficult because it was stretched to the limit to fight the Manchu and peasant armies on both sides. If we simplify the situation to Dashun versus Manchu, then the situation that Qing rode across North China and Central Plains will never be seen again. After a period of stability, the emerging Dashun will also unify South China. As for whether Dashun has the power to restore the territory outside the customs after reunification, it is really doubtful. Will the unified Dashun be a copy of the weak Song Dynasty? Will it cause the territory of China to be south of the Great Wall today? These problems are beyond the scope of this article, so I won't repeat them here.
Due to the revision of the Ming history, the Qing Dynasty, based on its own alien rule, tampered with the Ming history, promoted the literary inquisition, prohibited the compilation of folk history books that had never stopped since Zhou Dynasty, and controlled the compilation of the Ming history in the hands of officials. At the same time, books were banned in the name of compiling Sikuquanshu, and the list of banned books in Sikuquanshu was three times longer than that in Sikuquanshu, so that many historical materials died, and the evaluation of the Ming Dynasty by later historians was misunderstood and unfair.
Since 2004, the long vernacular history "Those Things in the Ming Dynasty" has become an instant hit, and a vigorous "Ming History Fever" has been set off in China, and the voice for rectifying the name of the Ming Dynasty is getting louder and louder.
Many folk historians believe that Wu Sangui was not a traitor in the Ming Dynasty from the beginning, but because the Qing Dynasty knocked on the door in the name of "revenge for his father". Compared with Li Zicheng, who occupied Beijing and forced Emperor Chongzhen to death, Jianzhou Jurchen Department (later Jin Dynasty) was one of our own. At that time, it seemed reasonable to unite the Qing soldiers to attack the Dashun regime in Li Zicheng. At the end of Ming Dynasty, China people's national consciousness was not strong. As long as the ruler's way of governing the country is accepted by the Han people, the Han people do not exclude alien rule. This is also why, regardless of Xianbei in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xixia and Liao and Jin Dynasties, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, aliens usually did not encounter strong resistance from the Han people.
But the later development was not as loyal as the old ministers of the Ming Dynasty thought. Manchu openly searched the son of Chongzhen in the name of the Ming dynasty princes, claiming to regard the son of Chongzhen as orthodox and make him acceded to the throne. However, he broke his word and executed the man who was identified as the third son of Chongzhen by the old minister of Ming Dynasty and the old eunuch of Neigong, and called him a fake descendant of Chongzhen. Since then, the Ming court has lost its orthodox heir, and all the princes in the Ming court lack legitimacy and appeal, so the small court in Nanming has to go down the road. At this time, three generals, Wu Sangui, Geng and Shang Kexi, were already riding a tiger: the Qing court had grown, and only by assisting the Qing court to destroy Nanming could we keep the family safe and eliminate the moral crisis. Although Shi Ming never mistreated Wu Sangui, Wu Sangui, as a surrenderer, had to take the initiative to destroy Nanming and finally became an emperor forever to show his loyalty to his new master.
Wu Sangui was praised and criticized by later generations, even polarized.
Most people think that his behavior should be regarded as a "traitor", because his collusion with the Manchu Dynasty led to the collapse of Dashun regime, Nanming regime and other Han regimes, and he killed Emperor Li Yong and other Ming emperors, royalty and ministers. So people often use the title of "modern Wu Sangui" to attack their opponents.
Some people think that Wu Sangui's original intention of letting the Qing army enter the customs was to use the Qing army to destroy the peasant army led by Li Zicheng, or to make both lose-lose. What's more, he asked Dourgen to establish the Ming Dynasty Prince (Zhu Cilang, the son of Ming Sizong) as the emperor. There was no intention of surrendering at that time, but later the development of the situation led to involuntary, which should not affect his patriotic hero status.
Some people think that in the turbulent exchange times of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wu Sangui only acted out of loyalty to the interests of him and his family, and the so-called traitor's evaluation was too harsh. It was even pointed out that Wu Meicun, who wrote Yuan Yuanqu, mocked Wu Sangui himself and ended up in imperial academy, a sommelier in the Qing court. On the moral level, he is really not qualified to write poems to insult Wu Sangui, a poet with a clear-cut stand.
At present, the Wu family tree is still preserved in the town of Woluogu in the south of yutian county, which records that Wu Sangui was lured into Shanhaiguan because Li Zicheng forced Wu Sangui to surrender, but failed. In a rage, he killed more than 100 Wu family members in Beijing. The original text is as follows: "Li thief went to Beijing, outside Xuanwu Gate, killing more than 100 Wu family members ...", and he has never heard of being a beauty in a rage. Family feud, this is the real reason why he lured Qing into the customs.