Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is a great Russian poet and novelist, the main representative of Russian romantic literature in the19th century, and the founder of realistic literature and modern standard Russian. He is known as "the father of Russian literature" and "the sun of Russian poetry". He was proficient in everything and created Russian national literature and literary language, which provided a model for Russian literature in various fields such as poetry, novel, drama and even fairy tales. Pushkin was also praised by Gorky as "the beginning of all beginnings". Born into a noble family. He began to write poetry at an early age and studied at Huangcun High School, which was set up by the czar government to train aristocratic children. During my study, I was influenced by progressive December Party members and some progressive thinkers. Many poems published later attacked serfdom and praised freedom and progress. In addition to poetry, Pushkin's works mainly include the novel The Captain's Daughter, the founder of historical documentary. History of pugachev, poetic novel yevgeni onegin, novella Dubrovski, Belgin's collection of novels, etc. Pushkin was persecuted by the czar government in his creative activities. 1837 was killed in a duel arranged by the plot. His creation has a great influence on the development of Russian literature and language, and he is known as the founder of modern standard Russian, the father of Russian literature and the sun of Russian poetry.

Pushkin 1799 was born in a noble landlord family in Moscow. All his life, he was inclined to the revolution and fought against the dark autocratic system unremittingly. His thoughts and poems aroused the dissatisfaction and hatred of the tsarist Russian rulers. He was exiled twice and refused to surrender. Finally, he died in a duel with others under the conspiracy of the czar government. He is only 38 years old. He grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. As a child, he was disciplined by a French tutor and received an aristocratic education. At the age of eight, he was able to write poems in French. His family has a rich collection of books and makes friends with literary celebrities. His nanny was born a serf and often told him Russian folk stories and legends, which made him appreciate rich Russian since he was a child and became interested in folk creation.

18 1 1 year, Pushkin entered Huangcun School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career at the age of 12. 18 15. In the senior high school entrance examination, he recited his own Memories of Huangcun, which showed his outstanding poetry writing ability, especially the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems. In his early poems, he imitated the romantic poets Bachu Skov and Zhukovsky, and learned the styles of French poets Andrei Che Nier 17 to 18. While studying in Huangcun Middle School, he was also influenced by the French Enlightenment and made friends with some security officers who later became party member in December. His thought of opposing czar's autocratic rule and pursuing freedom was initially formed.

Pushkin went to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg after graduation. During this period, he was deeply influenced by the later December Party members and their ideas of democracy and freedom. He joined the Green Light Society, a literary group associated with the secret organization of December Party members, and wrote many poems against serfdom and eulogizing freedom, such as Ode to Self (18 17). To Cha Daieff (1818); Country, (18 19), 1820, Pushkin wrote a fairy tale narrative poem ruslan and lyudmila. The story is based on Russian folklore, and describes that ruslan, a knight, overcomes difficulties and obstacles and finally finds his bride, lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which was different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the aristocratic traditional literature.

Hmm, how interesting

Pushkin's works aroused the anxiety of the czar government. 1820 was sent to work in southern Russia, which was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with members of the1February Party and attended some secret meetings in The Decemberists. His thought of pursuing freedom is clearer and stronger. Pushkin has written famous works such as Short Sword (182 1), Prisoner (1822), To the Sea (1824), and also wrote a set of poems of the South, including Captives of the Caucasus. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: The Sun goes down (1820) and Prisoner and Short Sword (182 1), which expressed the poet's strong yearning for freedom. Since this period, Pushkin has fully demonstrated his unique style.

1824- 1825, Pushkin was sent back to the village of Mikhailovsk, the territory of his parents in Pskov, where he was imprisoned for two years and wrote nearly 100 poems. He collected folk songs and stories, studied Russian history, and his thoughts became more and more mature, and his realistic tendency in his creation became more and more obvious. From 65438 to 0825, he completed the creation of Boris Godunov, the first realistic tragedy in Russian literary history.

1826, czar Nicholas I ascended the throne. In order to win people's hearts, Pushkin was recalled to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the czar police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards The Decemberists. He had an illusion about the new czar, hoping that Nicholas I could pardon The Decemberists in exile in Siberia, but the illusion was quickly shattered, so he wrote a political lyric poem "To the Prisoner of Siberia" to express his loyalty to The Decemberists's ideal.

/kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory, which was the harvest period of his life's creation and was called "the autumn of Polkino" in the history of literature. He finished the poetic novel yevgeni onegin written from 1823, and created the image of the first "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote Belgin's Tales, Tragic Knight, Mozart and Charlery, Plague Banquet, The Stone Man and nearly 30 lyric poems. The postmaster in Belgin's short stories is a model of Russian short stories, which opens the tradition of shaping "little people" and his realistic creation is in full swing.

Celebrity name: Pushkin

Date of birth: 1799- 1837

Celebrity Title: Poet Celebrity Country: Russia

] Pushkin related introduction

Russian poet. He was born in a noble family and was influenced by literature since he was a child. 18 1 1 entered huangcun school, which is closely related to party member in December, and influenced by bourgeois enlightenment. 18 16 joined the literary group Zamasu association. 18 17 worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after graduation from Huangcun School.

18 19 became a member of the revolutionary peripheral organization "Green Light Society". During this period, he wrote the famous poems "Ode to Freedom", "To Chaadayev" and "The Country" which praised freedom and opposed tyranny. These poems were widely read by progressive young people, so he was exiled to southern Russia by the czar authorities.

During his exile, he wrote poems such as Short Sword, Caucasian Prisoner, Bandit Brothers, Tears of Salah and Bahce. 1824, he was imprisoned in the village of Mikhailovsk, and wrote a long poem "Tzgang", a historical drama "Boris Godunov" which explored the fate and historical role of the people, and a poetic novel "Count Nurin".

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born in Moscow. During the period of 1805- 18 10, Pushkin spent every summer in zakharov village where his grandmother Maria Aleksev (whose maiden name was Hannibal) lived. Zakharov village is located on the outskirts of Moscow, not far from Zvenigorod. The impression of childhood life is reflected in Pushkin's early long poems Godsworn (18 13) and Bowa (18 14), as well as the poems he gave Eugene in Huangcun Middle School (1814).

Pushkin spent six years in Huangcun Middle School (founded in 1 81year1month 19). Young poets experienced 18 12 Great Patriotic War here.

18 15 At the beginning of this year, Pushkin recited his patriotic poem Memories of Imperial Village in front of the famous poet г.p. Jerchavin (published in the magazine of Russian Museum that year). In Huangcun Middle School, Pushkin also joined the "Al Zamasu" literary society. Society opposes conservative and retro literary creation. Pushkin's early poems convey a feeling that life is short, so you might as well eat, drink and be merry in time.

18 16 years, Pushkin's poetic style has undergone great changes. His creation takes elegy as the main genre. 18 17 In June, Pushkin graduated from Huangcun Middle School and worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the title of 12. He became a frequent visitor to the theater, often attending Al Zamasu's parties, and joined the drama and literature group "Green Light Society" on 18 19. Led by "Happiness Alliance" (the secret organization of party member in December). Pushkin didn't take part in the activities of secret organizations in The Decemberists, but he forged a deep friendship with many activists in these organizations. He wrote a series of short political poems, including To Cha Daieff (18 18), Ode to Freedom (18 17) and h.я· Price Kovai (17). During these years, he continued to write ruslan and lyudmila. Pushkin began to write this long narrative poem as early as Huangcun Middle School, which is also in response to the call of the "alzas Smas" Society to create an epic of national heroes. The work was completed on May 1820, and once published, it immediately aroused strong repercussions.

/kloc-in the spring of 0/820, he was summoned by Count M.A. Miloradovic, Governor of Petersburg, and asked him to explain the widely circulated political satire. Pushkin faces the punishment of exile in Siberia. Thanks to the efforts of his good friends karamzin, Cha Adayev and glinka, he was released as a celebrity through job transfer. And from there to the Caucasus and Crimea at the end of May 1820. In September, he came to his new workplace, Kishniov, and worked under the guidance of the Governor of Bissalabia Province, H. Inzov. 1820165438+1October-182 1 65438+1October, the poet traveled to Kamenka (one of the activity centers in The Decemberists), Kiev and other places,/. These experiences broadened the poet's horizons and enriched his inner world.

If the long narrative poem "ruslan and lyudmila" is the crystallization of Pushkin's study career under the guidance of the best Russian poets, then his first narrative poem "Southern China" and "Prisoner of Caucasus" pushed him to the peak of Russian literature and made him a well-deserved poet. Another of his "Southern Narrative Poems", The Tears Springs of Bach and saraj, came out later. The work looks incomplete and incoherent, as if it contains unfinished words, so it has a unique charm and arouses readers' strong emotions. At the same time, the poet also tried to dabble in ancient Russian themes, and created the narrative poem "Brother Robber" (written in 1822 and published separately in 1827) and the satirical poem "Gabriel", and planned to create "Mustislav" and "Vadim" (the latter is also planned to be written as a script). With the passage of time, Pushkin gradually realized that there are objective laws in the world, and no matter how brave and noble your thoughts are, they can't be shaken. At first, Pushkin was desperate for this. It was in this mood that he began to write the poetic novel yevgeny onegin in Kishniov in May 1823. At the end of the first chapter of the novel, it is mentioned that the protagonist will travel abroad, similar to Byron's poem Don Juan.

1July, 823, Pushkin was transferred to Odessa. It was during this period that Pushkin began to think of himself as a professional writer. His works enjoy a high reputation among readers. However, Pushkin's difficult situation in Odessa eventually led him to ignore his real identity as an exile and submit his resignation. As a result, in July 1824, he was dismissed from public office and sent to Mikhailovsk village, his father's territory in Pskov state, to be taken care of by his parents. From the end of 1825 to the beginning of 1826, Pushkin completed the fifth and sixth chapters of yevgeny onegin. The first part of the novel ends here. In the last few days in Mikhailovsk village, he wrote the poem Prophet.

1On the night of September 3rd, 826, the messenger б A. Acer Kass, the governor of Pskov, rushed to Mikhailovsk village to give instructions: Pushkin would go to Moscow accompanied by an emissary, and the new Tsar Nikolai I would summon him. Pushkin was received by the czar immediately after he arrived in Moscow on September 8. Since then, he has been sheltered by the highest authorities, and his works are exempt from general news censorship. It was also in these years that Pushkin became interested in Peter the Great, who advocated reform. Pushkin has started writing about his great-grandfather Hannibal, and Peter the Great has become the hero of this work and the long narrative poem poltava.

Pushkin began to travel back and forth between Moscow and Petersburg, sometimes returning to the village of Mikhailovsk. He has been to the Russian-Turkish battlefield (1828) and often goes to the Embassy of China. 1829, he went to the Caucasus alone. During this period, the poet's creation has undergone new changes. On the one hand, he made a rational analysis of reality from the perspective of social history; On the other hand, he also found that it is often impossible to make a reasonable explanation of the world around him and realized the complexity of reality. This makes his works reveal an uneasy premonition, full of fantasies and painful and sometimes morbid memories of the past years, as well as a strong interest in death.

From 65438 to 0827, the authorities began to investigate the poem Andre Shenye. This poem was written by Pushkin in Mikhailovsk village in 1825, and it mentioned the reflection on the 1825+02+04 incident. 1828, the authorities saw him using the satirical narrative poem Gabriel written by Kishniov. After Pushkin's explanation, the highest authorities ordered to stop the investigation of these two poems, but the poets began to be secretly monitored by the constitutional police.

Pushkin realized that he had to change his life. 1830, he proposed to 18-year-old Moscow beauty Natalya nikolayev Goncharova for the second time, and the other party agreed. That autumn, he went to Boljinnuo village, Nizhny Novgorod's father's territory, to go through the formalities of receiving the nearby village of Kistenevo, which was a wedding gift from his father. As a result, it was delayed there for three months because of cholera epidemic and traffic jam. These three months are called "Autumn in polking" by later generations, which is the climax of Pushkin's creation. He created a series of works, including Belgin's novels, a series of small tragedies, the last two chapters of yevgeny onegin, Colomna's cabin, the history of the village of GoRisino, and the story of his father and his long-term worker Balda.

Pushkin's works in Polkino are different in style and rhythm, which seems to be intentional. But these works are mainly divided into two styles: one is ups and downs, and the other is peace and simplicity, which are in sharp contrast. These are the two poles of Pushkin's creation.

Belgin's Novel is the first complete prose work left by Pushkin. He tried to write prose more than once before. As early as 182 1, he made clear his principle of prose creation: "Accuracy and conciseness are the most important advantages of prose style. We need not only ideas, but also ideas. If there is no theme, no matter how gorgeous the sentence is, it has no purpose. " This collection of novels is also a unique memoir of an ordinary person, telling some extraordinary stories that the protagonist heard in his opinion.

On February 6th, 2008, Pushkin and Goncharova got married in Moscow. In the spring of the same year, he and his wife moved to Petersburg and rented a villa in Huangcun. Pushkin wrote onegin's letter there and completely finished the poetic novel yevgeny onegin. Pushkin called this novel his "faithful companion" for eight years.

In the late 1920s, Pushkin tried to re-recognize the reality in his creative process, which required him to have a deeper understanding of history, because by tracing back to history, he could find the roots of many contemporary fundamental problems. 183 1 year, he was allowed to work in the archives, and regained the office of "historical editor" and was ordered to edit the history of Peter the Great. At that time, the terrible cholera epidemic and the Polish incident that brought Russia to the brink of war against Europe made the poet worried about the fate of the country. In this case, Pushkin believes that a powerful regime is the savior of Russia. His poems "In front of the altar ...", "To those who slander Russia" and "Bao Luoting Zhou Nuonian Festival" all reflect this theme. The last two poems and a poem by B.B. zhukovsky were edited into a booklet called The Fall of Warsaw. Pushkin was accused of this, and critics called his move a political betrayal. This made his reputation in the west decline, and his reputation in Russia was also damaged to some extent. At the same time, the Russian writer Ф B. Bulgarin, who is associated with the Third Hall (the political surveillance and reconnaissance organ), accused him of pursuing liberal ideas.

From the 1930s of 19, in Pushkin's creation, prose style gradually surpassed poetry and gained the upper hand. The collection of Belgin's novels published by 183 1 did not achieve great success. Pushkin began to conceive a large-scale epic about Pugacho Uprising, the hero of which was an aristocratic youth who defected to the rebel army. Later, because he didn't know enough about the history of that era, Pushkin temporarily shelved this work and wrote the novel Dubrovski instead (1832- 1833). The hero of this novel finally becomes a killer in order to avenge his father who was taken away from his territory. Although the theme of the story is taken from real life, Pushkin adopted the traditional writing method of thriller in the process of creation, which made the plot of the novel ups and downs and climaxes. Maybe it's a hunch that there will be trouble when the novel is censored. Pushkin suddenly stopped writing at the end of this work and began to conceive works about Pugachev uprising. In order to restore the historical truth, he even studied the history of the era of Peter the Great, and collected public reports about pugachev himself and historical documents about peasant uprisings (pugachev's personal files were top secret documents at that time, so it was forbidden to consult them). 1833, he made a special trip to Volga River and Urals, in order to witness the battlefield of that year and listen to the legend about pugachev with his own eyes. Arrived in orenburg via Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan and Simbilsk, and then arrived in Urals via Yayik River (renamed ural river after the peasant uprising).

1In the autumn of 833, he returned to Polkino. This Autumn in polking is half as long as Autumn in polking in 1830, but its weight is not inferior. In a month and a half, Pushkin finished the History of Pugachev Uprising and Song of the Western Slavs, created a long narrative poem Angelo and the Bronze Knight, a fairy tale poem The Story of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish and The Story of the Dead Princess and the Seven Warriors, and began to write the novel The Queen of Spades.

1833165438+10, Pushkin returned to Petersburg. At this time, he realized that he had to change his life. First, he had to get rid of the surveillance of the authorities.

On the eve of 1834, Nicholas I appointed Pushkin as court assistant. Pushkin is in a dilemma. The only way out is to resign as soon as possible. But his family expenses are getting bigger and bigger. His last book was published more than a year ago, and those publications didn't bring him much income. The study of history takes up most of his time, and the salary of history editor is pitiful. Only the publication of new works can improve his situation, but the publication of new works must be approved by the tsar. His narrative poem "Bronze Knight" was previously banned from publication.

In order to pay off short-term debts, Pushkin completed another prose novel "The Queen of Spades" at the beginning of 1834. The novel was published in the magazine Reading Library. This magazine is the highest paid and paid quickly. Pushkin began to write The Queen of Spades when he was in the village of Polkino. He's going to make a trio with B.Ф. Odoyevski and Nicola Nikolai Gogol.

Similarly, in order to inspire future generations, Pushkin wrote a concluding poem "I built a monument for myself ..." (1August 836), and its style returned to the classical tradition originated from Horace.

/kloc-in the winter of 0/837, the poet clashed with George Dundees. The latter was introduced by his adoptive father, Dutch minister Gerkelen, and served in the Russian Guards. The quarrel between the two sides eventually led to a duel of 65438+1October 27th (Russian calendar), in which the poet was seriously injured and died two days later. Buried in Petersburg after death.

Pushkin occupies a lofty position in the history of Russian literature. He won the reputation of "the father of Russian literature" with his outstanding works.

Belinsky, a Russian politician and literary critic, said: "Russian literature originated from Pushkin, because the lifeblood of Russian life beats in his poems."

Poetic novel: yevgeni onegin, an important personal masterpiece.

Novel: The Captain's Daughter

Collection of Short Stories: Belgin's Novels.

Plot: Boris Godunov

Fairy Tales: The Story of Fisherman and Golden Fish

Lyrics: To the sea, to freedom and Chaadayev.

Long poem: bronze knight, Caucasian prisoner.

Frost

Robert Frost (1874— 1963) is an American poet. Born in California. My father died at the age of 1 1. His mother took him to Massachusetts, his hometown in New England. After graduating from high school, I studied at Harvard University for two years. Before and after this, I worked as a textile worker, a teacher, ran a farm and began to write poems. He roamed many places on foot and was known as "the peasant poet of New England". Frost/Kloc-began to write poems at the age of 0/6, and officially published his first poem at the age of 20. He worked hard and published more than 65,438+00 poems in his life, including North of Boston (65,438+0914), Mountains (65,438+0916) and New Hampshire (65,438). Frost's poems can be divided into two categories: lyric short poems and dramatic narrative poems, both of which are famous. Frost's lyric poems mainly describe nature and farmers, especially the scenery in New England and farmers in the north. These poems are vivid and appealing, and are welcomed by readers at all levels. His narrative poems are generally low-key, reflecting the dark side of the poet's thought and character. Frost's worldview is complicated. He thinks the world is a mixture of good and evil. Therefore, on the one hand, his poems describe the beauty of nature and its benefits to human beings, on the other hand, they also describe its destructive power and the misfortune and disaster it brings to human beings. One of the greatest features of Frost's poetic style is unpretentious and profound implication, which contains profound thoughts and philosophies in plain content and unpretentious poetry. This is not only Frost's artistic pursuit, but also the secret of his career success.

Frost's poems did not attract attention in America at first. 19 12 After his family moved to England, he continued to write poems, which were well received by some British and American poets Ezra? With Pound's support and encouragement, he published a collection of poems, The Will of Teenagers (19 13) and North of Boston (19 14), which were well received and attracted the attention of American poetry circles. 19 15 returned to the United States to run a farm in New Hampshire. 1924, 193 1, 1937, 1943 won the Pulitzer Prize four times, and worked as a teacher, resident poet and poetry consultant in many famous universities. In his later years, he was an unofficial poet laureate in the United States. On his 75th and 85th birthdays, the US Senate made a resolution to honor him. His poetry is similar to traditional poetry in form, but it is not as artificial as romantic and aesthetical poets. He does not pursue external beauty. His poems often begin with describing the natural scenery or customs of New England and gradually enter the field of philosophy. His poems are unpretentious, but subtle and intriguing. The famous poem "Birch Tree" wrote that most people always want to escape from reality, but in the end they have to come back to reality. "Repairing the Wall" wrote that there are many tangible and intangible walls in the world that are worthless. In addition to short lyric poems, he also has some dramatic long narrative poems, which describe the spiritual outlook of rural people in New England, and the tone is relatively low and quite distinctive. In terms of meter, Frost likes to use variations of traditional blank poems and sonnets, which has its own characteristics in rhythm.

Frost is often called an "alternative poet", which means that he is in a period of alternation between traditional poetry and modernist poetry. He and Eliot are also called the two centers of modern American poetry.

Frost has published more than ten books of poetry, including his famous collection North of Boston, as well as The Peak, New Hampshire, Xixi, The Tree of Witness, The glade and so on. His poetry style is unique, and he vividly and simply describes rural scenery and rural daily life with spoken poems. His poems are full of American local flavor, widely circulated and deeply loved by people.

The Road Not Taken is a philosophical lyric poem, which is simple on the surface, but contains profound philosophy. It seems to pour out personal experiences, but in fact it expresses people's feelings. In this poem, Frost captures the concrete image of the fork in the forest, evokes people's rich and vivid associations by metaphor, and sets off the philosophical symbol of the fork in the road in life. The poet chose the common fork in the forest to explain the philosophy of life and how to choose the road of life.

The Road Not Taken is a famous poem by Frost, written on 19 15, which was originally included in his third collection of poems, Mountains (19 16).

Robert Frost is one of the most popular poets in America in the 20th century. He devoted himself to poetry creation all his life, creating and publishing 65,438+00 poems.

Robert Frost (1874- 1963) was born in a teacher's family in San Francisco and spent his childhood in the western United States. After graduating from high school, he studied at Harvard University for two years and then dropped out. Before and after this, he worked as a textile worker, a teacher, ran a farm and traveled a lot. At the same time, he began to write poems, but his poems did not attract attention in America at first.

19 12 years first frost was 38 years old. This year, he made an important choice: give up his teaching career in normal schools, give up his life that might have been more dull and stable, and choose poetry. He said to himself, "write poetry, and be poor if you are poor."

After discussion, the couple decided to change places and find an environment with a lower living standard but more conducive to writing poems. So they sold the farm they inherited from their grandfather, took a little savings from several years of teaching, crossed the ocean to England, and found a new home in a wooden house in a village not far from London. Soon after, his first book of poetry, The Will of Children, was published, and soon won the praise of the poet for its unique simplicity, frankness and sincerity. Pound, a famous American poet, has long recommended it as the best collection of poems in America.

Frost returned to America and ran a farm in New Hampshire. Since then, his poems have become more and more famous. He won the Pulitzer Prize four times in 1924, 193 1, 1937 and 1943 respectively, and worked as a teacher, resident poet and poetry consultant in many famous universities. In his later years, he was an unofficial poet laureate in the United States. Frost's poems often begin with describing the natural scenery or customs of New England, and gradually enter the field of philosophy. He is called "the poet of New England". This is related to the description of the natural scenery or customs of New England in his poems. Rock pastures in the north of Boston, colonial buildings, intriguing stone fences, and the rough feelings of the residents there and the hardships of farming life have all become inexhaustible materials for the poet's works. His poems give a panoramic view of the face of new England and the characteristics of local people. It can be said that Frost wrote about all aspects of rural life in New England.

However, Frost did not indulge in describing beautiful mountains and rivers and charming scenery. Although his poems maintain some traditional forms and rhythms, the atmosphere is also very relaxed.

Now I'm included in the fourth lesson of Unit 1 in the second volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Press.