Through thinking and summarizing the achievements of agriculture and handicraft industry in Kaiyuan period, cultivate students' ability to comprehensively summarize problems; Use physical models, maps, pictures and other visual AIDS to assist teaching and cultivate students' ability of observation and imagination.
Through the study of this lesson, students realize that Xuanzong entered its heyday in the early years of Tang Dynasty, and its economic production level surpassed that of any previous dynasty, and it was in an advanced position in the world at that time, thus inspiring students' national pride; Through the teaching of exquisite silk and ceramic handicrafts in this period, students' appreciation ability and aesthetic taste were cultivated.
Teaching material analysis and teaching suggestions.
I. Key Points and Difficulties
This lesson is based on the theme of "the flourishing age of Kaiyuan", and it is described from two aspects: First, it introduces a series of reform measures in the early years of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, which led to the "rule of Kaiyuan" in the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty. Secondly, it mainly introduces the prosperity of the prosperous economy, including the achievements in agriculture, handicrafts and commerce.
"Prosperity of economy in prosperous times" is the focus of this course, because the most important thing in prosperous times is economic prosperity. The development of ancient economy was mainly reflected in the development of agriculture and handicrafts. The development of agriculture in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty was mainly reflected in the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects, the development of farming technology, the introduction of new varieties of vegetables, the cultivation of tea and the improvement of farm tools. The development of handicraft industry is mainly reflected in the improvement of silk weaving and pottery making technology. The prosperity of business is mainly reflected in the introduction of Chang 'an City. When talking about this sub-item, we should pay attention to the internal relations of several aspects, so that students can understand that social and economic development is the material basis and plays a decisive role in the development of other aspects of social life, and it is a problem that must be paid attention to when studying the history of various dynasties.
Difficulties in this lesson: Qu Yuan's plough and trolley are advanced agricultural tools in the Tang Dynasty, but their structural principles and advancement are difficult for students to understand and form accurate concepts. Moreover, students now know little about farm tools, and the improvement of farm tools is the difficulty in teaching this course.
Second, teaching suggestions
1. Before speaking a new lesson, guide students to read the tips before class and lead to the topic of this lesson; Or show a few Tang poems reflecting the political and economic situation in Kaiyuan period, and guide students to sum up the characteristics of this period, so as to introduce new lessons.
2. When talking about "The Rule of Kaiyuan", you can use the illustrations in the textbook to start with the short story of "Tang Xuanzong took office in Yao Chong" and then introduce the reform measures of Tang Xuanzong one by one.
3. Talking about the development of agriculture can guide students to read textbooks and summarize the specific performance of agricultural development in the Tang Dynasty.
4. When it comes to the improvement of agricultural tools, the following arrangements can be made:
(1) Make the Map of Niu Geng in Han Dynasty and the Map of Qu Yuan's Plow in Tang Dynasty, and guide students to analyze the characteristics of Qu Yuan's Plow through observation and comparison (for example, compare the difference between the straight plow and Qu Yuan's Plow, and what improvements Qu Yuan's Plow has compared with the straight plow). If you can make model teaching AIDS for students to demonstrate, the intuitive effect will be better.
(2) When talking about trucks, we can make use of illustrations in textbooks, or make teaching AIDS for physical models, or make truck models with animated effects by computers, so as to make the teaching more intuitive and vivid, guide students to analyze the advantages of trucks compared with previous irrigation tools through observation and imagination, and help students deepen their understanding and resolve learning difficulties.
(3) If students live in rural areas or mountainous areas, they can also go to places with these two tools to have a look, touch and feel. And let the students observe the improvement of the tube car still in use today compared with the tube car in Tang Dynasty.
When studying the development of silk industry, we can provide students with some pictures of silk products at that time through careful selection, so that students can experience the beauty of labor creation and cultivate their historical interest in the process of appreciation. And encourage students to talk about their feelings and improve their aesthetic taste. In addition, by guiding students to think about the topic of "thinking" in textbooks, students can also feel the superb technical level of silk weaving industry in Tang Dynasty.
6. When studying the development of ceramic industry, we can focus on Tang Sancai. Teachers can also provide students with some pictures or imitations of the three colors of the Tang Dynasty, so that students can feel the achievements of the ceramics industry in the Tang Dynasty through observation and touch, which not only strengthens the intuition of teaching, but also arouses students' interest in learning.
7. When talking about Chang 'an City, we must guide students to understand the layout of Chang 'an City through observation and imagination (where conditions permit, we can reprocess the illustrations, such as making a changeable plan of Chang 'an City by computer). When telling a story, you can also play some western music or music from Japan, Persia, North Korea and other countries, and at the same time play related pictures. In this way, the concept that Chang 'an is an international city will be vividly reflected in students' minds.
8. Finally, guide students to summarize the political and economic development in the early days of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and naturally draw the conclusion that the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday.
9. In order to let students know something about the law of Xuanzong in the pre-Tang Dynasty, students can be guided to think about "thinking" in textbooks, or use the materials provided in activities and explorations to let students discuss with each other and talk about their own views.
Third, study the guidance of law.
1. Guide students to observe pictures of Qu Yuanli and gondola's car, or touch the model provided by the teacher, so that students can learn how to acquire historical knowledge from pictures or physical models.
2. Guide students to appreciate the pictures reflecting the development achievements of handicrafts, let students talk about their feelings and cultivate their aesthetic taste.
The prosperity of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce is the focus of this lesson, which can guide students to master the list after learning.
4. This lesson mainly introduces the political and economic development of Xuanzong in the first century. After learning, students can be organized to discuss the contents of textbooks (including fine print), and extracurricular materials can also be collected to evaluate Tang Xuanzong. It is best to write a short paper and communicate in class.
Fourth, question inquiry.
Exercise the brain.
1. Think about it: What are the similarities between Tang Xuanzong and his great-grandfather Tang Taizong in this period?
They are all good at appointing virtuous ministers, attaching importance to local bureaucrats and agricultural production, and paying attention to "abstinence from extravagance and simplicity". During the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the famous "ruling the world" appeared in the feudal era of China-the rule of Kaiyuan and the rule of Zhenguan.
An Arab businessman came to Guangzhou to meet an official of the Tang Dynasty. He saw a mole on the official's chest through his silk clothes and asked in surprise, "How can the mole on your chest be seen through two layers of clothes?" The official smiled and asked the guests to take a closer look. It turned out that he was wearing five silk clothes. What does this example show?
It shows that the silk weaving technology in Tang Dynasty was superb and the silk texture was very thin.
practice
D
Activities and surveys
1. Reading history analysis:
Later generations commented on Tang Xuanzong: "Xuanzong had little experience among the people and had a hard time." Therefore, at the beginning of the throne, I knew the sufferings of the people and bowed to the court. " What does this sentence mean? Do you think he insisted on doing this later?
When Tang Xuanzong was young, he personally experienced some frustrated things and sufferings, so at the beginning of his reign, he knew the sufferings of the people and was diligent in political affairs.
Later, he didn't insist on doing so. (See the small print in the textbook. )
2. Story meeting: According to the extracurricular reading materials and movies you saw, make up various stories of Xuanzong period in Tang Dynasty, and tell the exchange in groups or classes.
It is suggested that this activity should be carried out in the form of group cooperation. The forms of communication can be varied, such as story meetings and short plays. It is best to fully mobilize the participation of every student.
(Sun Yongjie, Dongcheng District Teaching and Research Center)
reference data
Du Fu's Memories of the Past
Du Fu's Memories of Time Past consists of two poems, which were written by Guangde in Chengdu in 764 AD. Write your own memories of Tang Suzong and Xuanzong in your poems. The first one is about "recalling the past in the north" and the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion. Du Fu wrote poems during the reign of Tang Daizong, so he called Su Zong the first emperor. The second song enviously recalls the economic prosperity and peace of the whole country in the prosperous time of Kaiyuan, hoping that the Tang Dynasty would prosper and let the prosperous time reappear. The textbook only quotes six sentences at the beginning of the second song of Remembrance of Time Past, and there are 22 sentences below: "Wan Qi Lu Mao caught a class, and men plowed and women wove. The sage in the palace plays the cloud gate, and all friends in the world paint. There has been no catastrophe for more than 100 years, and Uncle Sun has learned Xiao He's law. Do you smell a piece of silk worth 10 thousand yuan? Today, a field is bleeding. Luoyang Palace was burnt out, and the Fox and Rabbit Cave was newly demolished in the ancestral hall. I can't bear to ask about my old age, but at the beginning of my fear, I said that I was helpless, and the court remembered the rank of Meng Lu. Zhou Xuanzhongxing looked at my emperor and spilled blood. Jianghan is physically weak. "
Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Kaiyuan Rule
Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, also known as Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty. Son of Zong Rui, grandson of Wu Zetian. Rui Zongchao once participated in the killing of Wu and Wei's accomplices, and settled the political turmoil after Wu Zetian's later years. Acceded to the throne in 7 12, changed to kaiyuan, and changed to another day in 742. Kaiyuan years generally refer to the 29th year of Kaiyuan (7 12 ~ 742). After Tianbao, because the treacherous court official was in power, Anshi Rebellion gradually became a troubled time, also known as Tianbao Rebellion in history. After the Anshi Rebellion, Xuanzong fled to Shu in 756, and the Prince acceded to the throne as Su Zong in the same year. In 762, Xuanzong died of depression in Chang 'an. During the Kaiyuan period, Xuanzong paid more attention to bureaucracy, appointed talented people Yao Chong and Song as ministers, and reduced redundant officials. Attach importance to economic development, take measures to curb land merger, build water conservancy projects, and organize land reclamation. He also attached importance to the development of culture, education and science and technology, sorted out ancient books, appointed astronomers to reform the new calendar and measure meridian. At the same time, it also contributed to the harmony of neighboring ethnic groups, the stability of the frontier and friendly exchanges with foreign countries.
Yaochong
Yao Chong was a famous figure in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. In his early years, he was promoted and reused by Wu Zetian, and the official was assistant minister of Fengge (equivalent to deputy prime minister). In the early years of Kaiyuan, it was valued by Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. A military parade, was called into Yao Chong to discuss the country, in order to increase the use. Yao Chong, on the other hand, talked about Kan Kan and put forward ten suggestions, which are called "ten admonitions" in history. These ten suggestions include: implementing benevolent government, not greedy for border affairs, being close to the law, eunuchs not participating in court affairs, refusing to build Buddhist temples and Taoist temples, relatives not serving as officials of Taiwan Province, treating courtiers with courtesy and kindness, and taking the exclusive rights of Han people as a warning. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty accepted it gladly and paid a formal visit the next day. As the successor, Yao Chong promoted advantages and eliminated disadvantages, selected talents and developed production, which laid a political and economic foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), Yao Chong died.
Economic prosperity in the prosperous era of Kaiyuan
The policies of the rulers in the Kaiyuan period promoted the further development of social economy. At that time, the wasteland was mostly "barren mountains and full of thunder" ("Yuan Ci Shan Zhi"). According to Du You's General Code, in the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Mount Tai was sealed, reaching thirteen grades, and the Qing Dynasty reached five grades. From then on, there is nothing of value in the world. Two meters is no better than 20 articles, 32 on the surface and 2 10 on a silk horse. East to the Song Dynasty (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province), the border (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and west to Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, Jia Lulie's shop is full of guests and full of wine. Every store is rented by donkeys, which is dozens of miles at a time, called donkeys. There are Jingxiang (now Jingzhou and Xiangfan in Hubei Province) in the south, Taiyuan and Fanyang (now Beijing) in the north, Shuchuan (now Chengdu in Sichuan Province) and Fu Liang (now Wuwei in Gansu Province) in the west, all of which have business shops, which are thousands of miles apart and don't push their luck. " It can be seen that grain and silk were abundant at that time, with low prices, prosperous business, smooth roads and safe travel. In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), there were 786 private households1.236 households with a population of 4,5431.265, and the initial household registration in Bitang increased by more than one and a half times.
During Xuanzong period, more than 40 large-scale water conservancy projects were built.
Xu Daoxun and Zhao's Biography of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty made a water conservancy table in Xuanzong period according to the records of New Tang Book Geography. According to statistics, 38 water conservancy projects, 8 Tianbao projects and 46 projects were built during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
Development of Agricultural Technology in Tang Dynasty
Due to the long-term national unity and social stability in the Tang Dynasty, the agricultural economy in the north recovered and developed rapidly, and more and more farmland was intensively cultivated. After wheat harvest in many areas, crops such as grain and millet can be planted three times in two years. The agricultural planting technology in the south has made remarkable progress. First of all, the planting area of high-yield crop rice has increased greatly, and the cultivation method of raising seedlings and transplanting is widely used. In Du Fu's poems, it is described as: "Dongtun (village, village) is in Hebei, with a hundred hectares of flat eucalyptus (case change, long and narrow table);" There are many green rice in June, and thousands of green spring colors are chaotic; Transplantation is suitable for (just now) cloud (as a language aid, meaningless) has been (completed), plus water diversion (Li Yu, water flow) and irrigation. "At that time, a large area was planted in Jianghuai area. Secondly, a large number of early rice is planted, which is a kind of early rice that can be harvested in June and July. Seedling transplanting and early rice planting have created conditions for multiple cropping of wheat or other crops on the same land, which has gradually popularized the farming system of two-year triple cropping in the south, and in some places, double cropping can be carried out once a year.
Jiangnan has fertile land, warm climate, abundant rain, long frost-free period, large population and sufficient labor force. In the Song Dynasty, people further improved the land utilization rate and vigorously developed the rice-wheat rotation system. "Wu Diwo is a material partner. The crops are planted and cooked at the age of one." This farming system of two crops a year appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
New vegetable varieties in Tang Dynasty
According to Social Life History of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties and Illustrated History of Ancient Agricultural Science and Technology in China, new vegetable varieties in Tang Dynasty include spinach, lettuce and edible fungi. "Illustration of the History of Ancient Agricultural Science and Technology in China" also mentioned that Zizania latifolia was also used as an edible vegetable in the Tang Dynasty. The book also said: "Zizania latifolia is a unique aquatic vegetable in China, and it is cultivated as a vegetable only in China." Spinach, also known as spinach, was introduced to China from Nepal in the Tang Dynasty. As for edible fungi, such as artificially cultivated mushrooms, there were original records in the Tang Dynasty, which were recorded in the book Four Seasons.
Tea production and drinking methods in Tang Dynasty
China is the hometown of tea and the first country in the world to grow, make and drink tea. Tea was originally considered as a medicinal material. In the long-term medical practice, people realize that tea can not only cure diseases, but also has a fragrant taste, which can clear away heat and quench thirst. It is a good drink. During the Western Han Dynasty, the transformation from medicine to beverage was completed. At that time, there were records of cooking and selling tea. Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said, "Bitter tea is good for a long time." Recognize that tea can stimulate the brain and heart. During the Three Kingdoms period, the habit of drinking tea was formed in Jiangnan area. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Yao said: Sun Hao, the emperor of Wu, forced his ministers to drink at every banquet, and each person was limited to at least seven liters. Wei Yao can't drink, so Sun Haomi makes tea for him, allowing tea instead of wine. Explain that there was a habit of drinking tea at that time. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, tea was used to entertain guests. Huan Wen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty mainly entertained guests with tea fruits.
In the Tang Dynasty, the north and south were unified and local exchanges were close. The custom of drinking tea spread from the south to the north, and then from the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the Great Wall, and gradually became a necessity for people of all ethnic groups in daily life. The prosperity of tea drinking in Kansai, Shandong and other places in the Yellow River valley has reached the point where "you can't eat tea for a long time, and you can't drink tea for a day". "From Miyako Province to the city, tea is food, just like rice and salt." In some cities, teahouses specializing in selling tea have appeared.
As the demand for tea has greatly increased, it has stimulated the production and trade of tea. In addition to wild tea trees, a lot of artificial cultivation has been carried out. Tea was produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Shaanxi and other provinces in the Tang Dynasty. Tea production has become an important sector of Jiangnan agriculture. "Jianghuai people, 123, take tea as their business." Qimen County is even more "within a thousand miles, the number of people who engage in tea is 178" ("The Story of New Slender Menxi in Qimen County of the Whole Tang Dynasty"). Tea cultivation techniques and management methods have also made remarkable progress. After planting tea trees for three years, you can get 120 kg of new tea per mu. Every tea harvest season, the tea producing area is unprecedented, and a large number of businessmen from all over the world come here to purchase. Tea from the south is transported to the north in large quantities through the Grand Canal and land. "Ships and cars are one after another, located in the mountains and colorful." At that time, there were more than twenty kinds of famous teas, such as Mengding and Shihua. In 793, the Tang government levied a tea tax, one of the "ten taxes", with an annual tea tax of 400,000, which is about115 of the annual income.
The tea industry in the Tang Dynasty not only developed rapidly on the basis of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but also influenced the world. Since the Tang Dynasty, China's tea has been exported to all countries in the world. Today, the pronunciation of the word "tea" in various languages comes from the word "tea" in China, which shows that tea is a great contribution of our ancestors to human drinks.