Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township) is located in the northeast corner of Shizhu County, 68 kilometers away from the county seat, at the junction of Chongqing and Hubei Province. Qiruo Mountain borders Baiyangtang Management District and Zhonglu Town Management District in Wang Ying Town, Lichuan City, Hubei Province in the east, Jinling Township and Shazi Town in Shizhu County in the south, Zhong Yi Township and Huangshui Town in the west and Mu Feng Township in the north.

Lengshui Town Government Office is located in Liziping (formerly Lengshui West Street, located at east longitude 108 3 1', north latitude 30 18', and altitude1310m). Lengshui Township is at an altitude of 1 150m to 1895m. The lowest elevation is the dam of Tuanhe Group in Tianhe Village, with an altitude of 1 150m. The highest elevation is Taiping Village, which is connected with Jiuguling Mountain in Hubei, with an altitude of 1895m.

The narrow point from the west edge of Balong Village to the east edge of Heyuan Village is 2. 1 km, and the length from the north edge of Balong Village to the south edge of Yulong Village is 22 km. The township covers an area of 74 square kilometers and 9463 mu of cultivated land, including 2052 mu of farmland and 74 1 1 mu of soil. The township has a forest area of 52,700 mu.

(2) Geographical environment

Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township) belongs to the original belt of wrinkled skin mountain in eastern Chongqing, with Zuoqi Mountain and its branches in the southeast and Zuoqi Mountain in the west. The east and west mountains extend from the southeast to the west, forming a long trough topography with two mountains and one trough. Maobiliang Ridge, another branch of Luoqi Mountain, is in the north, and Maobiliang Ridge winds from east to west. Its supporting beams undulate from north to south, and meet the mountains in the southeast of Taiping Trough to form the landform of overlapping mountains, troughs, dams and valleys.

1, low valley area

The long trough formed in the north of Luo Qi is called Taiping trough, which starts from the ancient architectural complex of Dashuijing Ancient Buildings in Dashui Formation in the south and ends at Baiyangtang boundary in Hubei Province in the north, with a length of about 20 kilometers. On the southeast side of Taiping Trough is Luoqi Mountain, with high mountain and steep slope, thin soil layer, water shortage and exposed limestone. The hill in the northwest of Taiping Trough has thick soil layer, gentle slope and many caves, and the water source is submerged underground.

2. Mountain plain areas

Maobiliangliang Ridge, a branch of Qiruo Mountain, spans the northern border, from Tiechangkou in Balong Village to Caoyuanzi lawn in Tianhe Village. Most of its branches are ridges, which extend from north to south, undulating, and meet with the mountain ridges on the west slope of Taiping Trough, forming a mountain plain with steep slopes and flat troughs and dams. Qizhi Mountain crosses the township from north to south and west in cold water, with a total length of 22 kilometers. It is the main mountain ridge in the township, and its branch in the west is called Xiaoshan. Maobiliangliang Ridge in the west of the hill extends westward from Yanghe Bay in the east, crosses the lawn on a skyscraper slope and reaches the main peak of Dafeng Fort. In the north corner of the territory, it starts from Yanghe Bay in the north and passes through Balong Village to Tianhe Village in the west, which becomes the transition zone between Luoqi Mountain and Dafeng Fort, and is also the natural dividing line between this township and Zhong Yi Township, Huangshui Town and Mu Feng Township. Jiuguling, located in Taiping Village, is the highest peak of cold water at an altitude of1895m.

3. caves

There are many caves in Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township), among which the larger ones are Shenshui Cave, Baijiadong, Dayao Cave, Red Square Nitrate Cave and Gujiadong, among which Baijiadong is the largest and has the most tourism development value. Baijiadong is located on the rock of Jiantianba Formation in Taiping Village, which is close to 10 km from the government seat. Enter from the mouth of the cave and pass through wind tunnel, nitrate cave, upper skateboard rock or lower skateboard rock, Yinhe and other places. The rising and falling slate is called Longbanpo. Strange stalactites can be seen everywhere in the cave, which makes people feel the emptiness and narrowness in the cave, appreciate the wonderful natural landscape and the excitement and dissatisfaction of not finding the end of the galaxy.

(3) Climate

1, temperature

Lengshui Town (formerly Lengshui Township) is a humid monsoon climate zone in Central Asia with low temperature. Its main characteristics are rapid temperature rise in spring, changeable climate, rainy in early summer, rainy in late summer and early autumn, rainy and cold in autumn, frosty and snowy in winter, distinct seasons, and the annual average temperature is below 65438 02℃. 1 month is the coldest, with an average temperature of about 0.9℃, and July is the hottest, with an average temperature of about 265438 0.7℃. The average temperature in Lengshui Township is about 1 1.7℃, and climate change is unfavorable to crops. There are many cold waves in March and April, continuous rain in May and June, and drought in July and August, which are often caused by temperature, such as heavy rain, hail, strong wind, low temperature and frost in September, which are all unfavorable factors for agricultural production.

Step 2 precipitate

Cold water belongs to the original area of Huangshui Mountain, with abundant rainfall, many clouds, insufficient illumination, violent floods in summer and rainy days in autumn. The annual average precipitation is1372.6mm. Due to the uneven seasonal distribution, the rainfall in summer and autumn (April-September) accounts for 85% of the whole year. It begins to snow every winter (65438+ 10), and heavy snow often closes mountains.

3. sunshine

The annual average sunshine hours are 13 15.7 hours, with the maximum sunshine hours in July and August being 434. 1 hour, accounting for 33% of the whole year. The sunshine hours in winter are the least, which is 985.4 hours, accounting for 1 1.4% of the whole year.

4, frost-free period

Due to more clouds and less sunshine, the frost-free period is short. Generally, the first frost period starts around1October 20th, the last frost period is around April 20th, and the frost-free period is 180 ~ 185 days.

(4) Hydrology

There are many streams in Lengshui Town, and the water system belongs to the headwater of Longhe River in Shizhu County. The mainstream Lengshui Stream originates from Li Jiawan in Tianhe Village, flows from northwest to southeast to Lengshui Street, turns south, and flows into the sand through Hulutang, with a total length of 1 1 km and an average riverbed width of 3m. The tributaries are: Zhuziying Creek, which originates from the rural skyscraper slope, flows through Zhulinkou and joins Dadonggou Creek, and flows into Lengshui Creek, with a total length of 4.5 kilometers and an average riverbed width of 2 meters.

Longdong River: Originated in Longdongping, Heyuan Village, it is a spring water in Shanquan Cave, Luo Qi. It flows through Caiziba, enters Diaojiaolou Formation, and gradually dives underground. After collecting groundwater at the southern end of Taiping Trough, it flows out of Xixiangshui Cave in Taiping Village and flows into the downstream of Lengshuixi, with a total length of 7.5 kilometers and an average riverbed width of 1.5 meters.

Shuangpingxi: Caojiawan, originating from Shuangping Formation, turns north and flows into Mu Feng Township through Shuangba Formation of Xiaokang Formation. The total length of the township is 10 km, and the average width of the riverbed is 7 meters.

Yulong Village, Taiping Village, has no obvious streams, mostly caves, and flowing water dives underground. Majiaba in Heyuan Village is low-lying. At ordinary times, the water in Longhe River dives into the ground, and it takes several days to be submerged when the water rises, often flooding crops and houses.

(5) Soil and rock

1, soil

Cold water belongs to the yellow brown soil area of Zhongshan, which is roughly divided into five kinds of soils.

(1) Deep purple paddy soil. Soil code: 0 12 1, mainly distributed in the crevice area between Tianhe Village and Balong Village. The parent material is variegated mud such as purple gray, dark gray and yellow brown. The purple shale of Leikoupo Formation and Feixianguan Formation are weathered and developed. The soil is thick dark purple and yellowish brown sandy soil with complex parent material composition. The main soil species, Monopterus albus mud field, has a PH value of 5.5-6, which is easy to cultivate, has strong fertilizer conservation and drought resistance. Due to the lack of sunshine, weak radiation, low soil temperature and cold spring soaking on the mountain, most of them form cold mud fields, and rice is easy to sit in.

(2) Mountain yellow brown soil. Soil code: 09 1 1, mainly distributed in Heyuan village, Taiping village and Yulong village. It is Ordovician, Cambrian and Tertiary ash, shale, dolomite and parent material, with thick soil layer, heavy soil to clay, dark brown, yellowish brown and medium yellow sandy soil, PH5.0, organic matter 3.2%, and no ammonium acid reaction.

(3) cold sand and yellow mud. Soil code: 04 1 1, mainly distributed in Majiayuan, Longtianbang and Fengxiang Bay, Hulutang and Datianbang in Tianhe Village. This soil species belongs to cold sandy soil, yellow soil, flat sandy soil, ash and so on. Its parent materials are mainly dark brown mud, carbonaceous shale and gray-white massive and long-time sandstone, which are developed into slope deposits after weathering, with thin soil, grayish yellow and dark yellow, dark brown sandy soil to clay, no carbonate reaction, PH value of 5.0, organic matter of 0.64%, and lack of effective nutrients and acidity. (4) Gray-brown-purple soil. The soil code is 03 12, which is mainly distributed in part of Taiping and Yulong villages. The soil belongs to sandy soil, mixed with sandy soil, purple yellow soil, big fat mud, watercress soil, stone bone soil and so on. The parent material is purple-gray, grayish-yellow sandstone and cyan-gray quartzite weathered slope deposits of the upper and lower Shaximiao Formation, with thin waist and thick toe. The slope is mostly lithic soil, grayish brown, mostly sandy soil, slightly acidic, carbonate reaction, with little or no impact. The main soil species are semi-sandy and semi-muddy, with a PH value of 5.5-7.5, good permeability, dry and easy to cultivate, and full of water and gas.

(5) Humus yellow brown soil. The soil code is 09 14, which is mainly distributed in the source areas of evergreen deciduous and perennial shrub mountains in Tianhe, Balong and Yulong villages. The soil belongs to humus yellow-brown soil, with little arable land, thin soil layer, light soil quality, dark brown upper layer and yellow lower layer, with pH of sexual acid of 5.5, organic matter of 3.2% and no carbonate reaction. Suitable for the growth of sumac, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Coptidis Rhizoma, Gastrodia elata and other cash crops.

2. Rock

The rocks in the territory can be divided into two types: First, the Luo Qi Mountains are located in the Taiping Trough and its western hills, and belong to the lime bed. Its stone is hard and fragile, which can be used to process gravel and lime and is one of the raw materials for making cement. Second, most areas of Shuangba, Shuangping and Tianhe Village to the west of Lengshuixi in Maobiling Mountain are sandstone, which can only be used for building purposes.

(6) Natural disasters

Cold water is a natural disaster caused by severe weather such as rainstorm, drought, cold wave, low temperature and hail, mainly water and drought, followed by wind and hail.

1. Flood: Cold water floods frequently occur. In addition to rain, Tianhe, Balong and Taiping villages are often washed away by floods, flooding crops. 1997 large-scale rainfall has been seriously affected, especially flue-cured tobacco production.

2. Drought: cold water has high altitude, low temperature, many cold bubbles and many cold sand fields. Drought in summer and autumn is beneficial to rice flowering and fruiting. If it happened in May or June, it would be a disaster.

3. Wind and hail disasters: most of them occur in mountainous terrain and move with the mountain trend. The hail formed in May and June moved from Hubei to the west of Lengshui via Taiping Trough. The hail formed in July and August mostly moved from Lixin to Yulong. In August, 2002, there was a hail and wind disaster which had not happened for many years. At that time, there were 225 households in five groups of Cao Yu and Long Xue Cun (now Yulong Village), and the flue-cured tobacco was affected 1.95 million mu, damaged 1.70 million mu, lost 1.30 million mu, and the direct economic loss1.50 million yuan.