First, the biological characteristics:
1. Biology needs nutrition. 2. Living things can breathe. 3. Organisms can excrete wastes produced in the body. 4. Organisms can respond to external stimuli. 5. Organisms can grow and reproduce. 6. They are composed of cells (except viruses).
Second, the general method of investigation
Steps: Make clear the purpose of the investigation, determine the object of investigation, make a reasonable investigation plan, record the investigation, sort out the investigation results and write an investigation report.
Third, the classification of organisms.
According to morphological structure: animals, plants and other organisms.
According to the living environment: terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.
By use: crops, poultry, livestock and pets.
The biosphere is the home of all living things.
1, biosphere range: bottom atmosphere: birds, insects, bacteria, etc.
Most hydrosphere: the water layer within 0/50m from sea level/kloc-.
The surface of the lithosphere is the "foothold" of all terrestrial creatures.
2. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.
3. The influence of environment on biology
(1) Abiotic factors: light, moisture, temperature, etc.
Experiment on the influence of light on the life of rat and girl
Inquiry process and control experiment design
(2) the influence of biological factors on biology:
The most common relationship is predation, but also competition and cooperation.
4. Biological adaptation and its impact on the environment
Examples of biological adaptation to the environment P 19
Biological impact on the environment: plant transpiration can adjust air humidity, plant dead leaves and dead branches can adjust soil fertility, animal manure can improve soil, and earthworms can loosen soil.
5. Concept of ecosystem: In a certain area, the unified whole formed by organisms and environment is called ecosystem. A forest, a farmland, a grassland and a lake can all be regarded as an ecosystem.
6. Composition of ecosystem:
Biological part: producer, consumer, decomposer
Abiotic parts: sunlight, water, air, temperature.
7. If all the living things in every link of the ecosystem are measured separately, generally speaking, the producer should be the largest one.
8. Plants are producers, animals are consumers and bacteria and fungi are decomposers.
9. Matter and energy flow along the food chain and food web.
The higher the trophic level, the less the biomass; The higher the trophic level, the accumulation (enrichment) of toxic substances along the food chain.
10, the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment. Generally speaking, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. However, this automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, beyond which it will be destroyed.
1 1. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem. Many impacts of human activities on the environment are global.
12. Types of ecosystems: forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
13, the biosphere is a unified whole: pay attention to the example of DDT (enrichment) textbook on page 26.
Unit 2 Organisms and Cells
First of all, the structure of the microscope
Mirror seat: stabilize the mirror body;
Mirror column: supporting the part above the mirror column;
Mirror arm: the part holding the mirror;
Stage: a place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light hole in the center and two flat clips on both sides for fixing the observed object.
Shutter: There are round holes of different sizes on it, called aperture. Each hole can be aligned with the light-transmitting hole. Used to adjust the intensity of light.
Mirror: it can be rotated to make the light reflect upward through the light hole. Its two sides are different: the plane mirror is used when the light intensity is high, and the concave mirror is used when the light intensity is low.
Lens barrel: an eyepiece is installed at the upper end, a converter is installed at the lower end, an objective lens is installed on the converter, and a focusing screw is installed at the rear.
Focus screw: coarse focus screw: the lens barrel rises and falls greatly when it rotates; Fine quasi-focus spiral.
The relationship between rotation direction and lifting direction: rotate the focusing screw clockwise, and the lens barrel will descend; On the contrary, it will rise.
Second, the use of the microscope
1. The observed object image is opposite to the actual image. Note that the moving direction of the slide is opposite to the moving direction of the object image in the field of view.
2. Magnification = objective multiple × eyepiece multiple
3. The biological specimen observed under the microscope should be thin and transparent, and the light can penetrate, so that it can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens.
Three. Observing plant cells: experimental process
1, the difference between slicing, smearing and loading P42
2. The basic structure of plant cells
Cell wall: support, protection
Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances and protects them.
Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile. There are vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and many substances (such as sugar) are dissolved in the vacuoles.
Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information
Chloroplast: the site of photosynthesis,
Vacuole: cell fluid
3. Observe the oral epithelial cell experiment (that is, the structure of animal cells)
Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information
Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
4. Plant cells are similar to animal cells in that they all have cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
5. Difference between plant cells and animal cells: Plant cells have cell walls and vacuoles, while animal cells do not.
Four, the cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function.
Five, the substance in the cell
Organic matter (usually containing carbon and combustible materials): sugars, lipids, protein and nucleic acids, which are macromolecules.
Inorganic substances (generally carbon-free): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc. These are small molecules.
Six, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, selective to substances, useful substances enter, and waste is discharged.
Seven, intracellular energy converter:
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and producing oxygen.
Mitochondria: It performs respiration and is the "power factory" and "engine" in cells.
The two are related: both are energy converters in cells.
The difference between them is that chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter; Mitochondria decompose organic matter and release chemical energy stored in organic matter for cells to use.
Eight, animal and plant cells have mitochondria.
Nine, the nucleus is the genetic information base, and genetic information exists in the nucleus.
1, an example of Dolly sheep p55,
2.DNA, the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus.
The structure of 3.DNA is like a spiral staircase.
4. Genes are DNA fragments with specific genetic information.
5.DNA and protein form chromosomes.
Different biological individuals have completely different chromosome shapes and numbers;
Individuals of the same species maintain a certain number of chromosomes in morphology;
Chromosomes are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes;
The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise serious genetic diseases will occur.
6. The control center of a cell is the nucleus.
X cells are the unity of matter, energy and information.
Eleven, cells produce new cells through division.
1, organisms grow up because: cells divide and cells grow.
2. Cell division
(1) chromosome for replication.
(2) The nucleus is divided into two identical nuclei.
(3) The cytoplasm is divided into two parts
(4) Plant cells: new cell membranes and cell walls are formed between the original cells.
Animal cells: The cell membrane gradually invades to form two new cells.
Twelve, the beginning of a new life-fertilized eggs
1, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only function when they are gathered together. These cell groups composed of cells with similar morphological structure and the same function are called tissues.
2. Different tissues are combined in a certain order to form organs.
The basic tissues of animals and humans can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Four kinds of tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.
3. * * * * A plurality of organs sufficient to complete one or more physiological functions are combined together in a certain order to form a system.
Eight systems: motor system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive system.
4. Basic structural levels of animals and people (from small to large): cells → tissues → organs → systems → animals and people.
5. Plant structure level (from small to large): cell → tissue → organ → plant.
6. Six organs of green flowering plants
Vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves;
Reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.
7. Plant organization: meristem, conservation organization, nutrition organization, transportation organization, etc.
Thirteen, single-celled organisms
1, unicellular organisms: paramecium, yeast, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, amoeba.
2. See page 70 of the textbook for the structure of paramecium.
3. The relationship between single-celled organisms and human beings: beneficial and harmful.
Fourteen An organism without cell structure-virus
1, type of virus
Depending on the host: animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage)
2. Viral structure: the genetic material inside and outside the shell of protein.
Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere
Chapter 1 What green plants are there in the biosphere?
1. Pteridophytes have the differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs, as well as transport tissues and mechanical tissues, so the plants are relatively tall.
2. Spore is a germ cell.
3. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: ① Some of them are edible; ② Some drugs are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some of them can be used as excellent green manure and feed; ⑤ The remains of ancient pteridophytes turned into coal after a long time.
4. The roots of bryophytes are false roots, which can't absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no conducting tissues and can't transport water. So bryophytes can't live without boiling water.
5. Bryophytes grow densely, and the gaps between plants can store water. Therefore, bryophyte patches play a certain role in soil and water conservation of woodland and Shan Ye.
6. Bryophytes are very sensitive to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, and it is difficult to survive near heavily polluted cities and factories. Using this characteristic, people use bryophytes as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.
7. The main characteristics of algae plants: simple structure, single-celled or multicellular individuals, no differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs; There are chloroplasts in the cells, which can be used for photosynthesis; Most of them live in water.
8. Organic matter produced by algae plants through photosynthesis can be used as bait for fish, and the released oxygen is not only for fish to breathe, but also an important source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
9. Economic significance of algae: ① kelp, laver and sea cabbage are edible; ② Iodine, fucoidan and agar extracted from algae can be used in industry and medicine.
10, seed structure
Broad bean seeds: seed coat, embryo (embryo, hypocotyl, radicle) and cotyledon (2 pieces).
Corn seeds: pericarp and seed coat, embryo, cotyledon (1 piece) and endosperm.
1 1. Seed plants are more adaptable to land life than mosses and ferns. One of the important reasons is that they can produce seeds.
12, remember the common gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Chapter II Life of Angiosperms
1. Environmental conditions for seed germination: suitable temperature, certain moisture and sufficient air.
Self-condition: A complete and energetic embryo has passed the dormancy period.
2. Determination (calculation) and sampling test of seed germination rate.
3. The process of seed germination
Absorb water and transport nutrients-radicle develops into root-hypocotyl develops into stem and leaf, radicle first breaks through seed coat, and white and fat parts of edible bean sprouts develop from hypocotyl.
4. Growth of young roots
The fastest growing part is the elongation zone.
On the one hand, the growth of roots depends on the increase of cell number in meristem, on the other hand, it depends on the increase of cell volume in elongation zone.
Branches are developed from buds.
6. Nutrients needed for plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
7. Flowers are developed from buds.
8, the structure of flowers (textbook 102)
9, pollination and fertilization (textbook 103)
10, fruit and seed formation
Ovary-fruit fertilized egg-embryo
Ovule-seed ovary wall-pericarp (different from pericarp in life).
1 1, artificial pollination
When pollination is insufficient, artificial pollination can be assisted.
12. The life cycle of angiosperms includes seed germination, plant growth and development, flowering, fruiting, senescence and death.
Chapter III Water Cycle of Green Plants and Biosphere
1, the life of green plants needs water.
(1) The role of water in plants
Water is a component of cells; Water can maintain the inherent posture of plants; Water is the solvent for plants to absorb and transport substances; Water participates in the metabolism of plants.
(2) Water affects the distribution of plants.
(3) The water requirements of plants are different in different periods.
2. Ways of water entering plants
The main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, where there are a lot of root hairs.
3. Transportation facilities
Conduit: upward conveying water and inorganic salts.
Screen tube: downward conveying organic matter produced by photosynthesis of blades.
4. Blade structure
Epidermis (divided into upper and lower epidermis), mesophyll, veins,
5. Stomatal structure: the guard cells absorb water and expand, and the stomata open; The guard cells lose water and contract, and the stomata close.
Stomata are open during the day and closed at night.
6, the meaning of transpiration:
It can reduce the temperature of plants and prevent them from being burned.
It is the main driving force for roots to absorb water and promote water transport in the body.
It can promote the transport of inorganic salts dissolved in water in the body.
It can increase atmospheric humidity, reduce ambient temperature and increase precipitation. Promote the biosphere water cycle.
Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.
1, geranium experiment
Dark treatment: put geranium in the dark for one night, and let geranium transport and consume all the starch in the leaves in the dark.
Control experiment: cover half of the upper and lower sides of a leaf with black paper. Objective: To do a control experiment to see whether starch is produced in the light and dark parts.
Decolorization: after several hours, put the leaves in water and heat them in isolation. The purpose is to decolorize and dissolve chlorophyll in leaves, which is convenient for observation.
Dyeing: dyeing with iodine solution
Conclusion: Starch turns blue when exposed to iodine, and organic matter is produced by photosynthesis in visible parts.
2. The concept of photosynthesis: Green plants use the energy provided by light to synthesize starch and other organic substances in chloroplasts, and convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic substances. This process is called photosynthesis.
3. The essence of photosynthesis: the process that green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter (such as starch) that stores energy and releases oxygen through chloroplasts.
4. Significance of photosynthesis: The organic matter produced by green plants through photosynthesis not only meets the needs of their own growth, development and reproduction, but also provides basic food sources, oxygen sources and energy sources for other organisms in the biosphere.
5. Utilization of organic matter by green plants
Objects used in architecture; Provide energy for plant life activities.
6. The concept of respiration: cells use oxygen to decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release energy stored in organic matter to meet the needs of life activities. This process is called breathing.
7. Significance of respiration: part of the energy released by respiration is an indispensable power for plants to carry out various life activities (such as cell division, absorption of inorganic salts, transportation of organic matter, etc.). ), and some of it is converted into heat and radiated.
Chapter V Green Plants and the Balance of Carbon and Oxygen in Biosphere.
1. Green plants constantly consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, produce oxygen, and maintain the carbon-oxygen balance in the biosphere.
2. Relationship between respiration and production and life: intertillage, loosening soil and timely drainage are all for air circulation, which is beneficial to the respiration of plant roots. The respiration of plants decomposes organic matter, so when storing seeds or other organs of plants, the respiration should be reduced as much as possible, which can be inhibited by lowering the temperature, reducing the water content, reducing the oxygen concentration and increasing the carbon dioxide concentration.
3. Relationship between photosynthesis and production and life: Effective photosynthesis of crops needs to ensure various conditions, especially illumination. Reasonable close planting. Let the leaves of crops fully receive light.
4. Differences and connections between photosynthesis and respiration (see textbook 13 1).
5. Formulas of photosynthesis (130) and respiration (125)
Chapter VI Caring for Vegetation and Greening the Motherland
Main vegetation types in China.
Grassland, desert, tropical rain forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest
2. The main problems of vegetation in China.
The vegetation coverage rate is low, and the forest resources and grassland resources are seriously damaged.
3. The forest coverage rate in China is 16.55%.
4. In China, every March 12 is Arbor Day.
5. Tropical rain forest-the lungs of the earth,
6. The "green factory" of the biosphere-green plants.