Sima Biao is the eldest son of Levin Mu, and later adopted by Sima Min, who is the younger brother of Jin Sima Yi. When I was young, I was studious and tireless, but I was frivolous and lustful. I was often scolded by Sima Mu and was not allowed to be an heir. Although I adopted a person in name, I actually disinherited him. Therefore, Sima Biao devoted himself to research and kept out of the world, so he was able to read widely and complete the great event of writing a book.

At first, I worshipped officials and rode a captain. During Tai Shigong's reign (274,265), he served as a doctor and was later appointed. Annotate Zhuangzi and write Kyushu Chunqiu. Sima Biao believes that "Wang Li should be the historian first, so as to remember current events, understand the essence of persuading good and evil, and be in charge of educating the world." Therefore, the Spring and Autumn Annals was chaotic, and Confucius arranged it. Guan Yu was incomplete, and Shi Zhi repaired it. Do sages like trouble? Because I have to. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhongxing stopped at Jian 'an, and the loyal ministers and righteous men were well known. At that time, there was a lack of excellent historians, and the account was complicated and messy. Although Qiao Zhou has made some changes and repairs, it is still not perfect. Since Emperor Han 'an and Emperor Shun 'an, there have been many defects and omissions. "So Sima Biao studied hundreds of historical books, referring to secular rumors, from Liu Xiu, the Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to Liu Xie, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, for a total of two hundred years. The twelve dynasties were well connected, and many historical events were widely collected. Eighty articles were written, recorded and circulated, named" Continued ". In the early years of Taishi (265), Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, went to the southern suburbs to hold a sacrificial ceremony, and Sima Biao wrote to discuss it. Later, I worshipped the official and rode an assistant minister. In the last year of Emperor Jinhui (306), Sima Biao died at the age of 60.

At the beginning, Qiao Zhou thought that Sima Qian's Historical Records recorded things before the Qin and Zhou Dynasties, and sometimes collected secular legends and hundreds of sayings, which were not based on orthodox classics, so he wrote 25 pieces of ancient history, all based on old classics, in order to correct Sima Qian's mistakes. Sima Biao thinks Qiao Zhou's works are not perfect. He listed 122 historical events in the ancient history exam, which he thought was inappropriate. Most of them are based on the sayings in Ji Zhong Ji Nian, which is also very popular in the world.

In view of the revival of the Han Dynasty, Sima Biao's loyal ministers and righteous men were well known, but there was no good history at that time and the account was complicated. So he "discussed the books, compiled what he heard, and made filial piety from his ancestors, recording the world for 200 years." In a word, he inherited 80 articles about discipline, ambition and biography, and called them "Continued Han Shu". Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty came out, and Sima Biao's Book of the Continued Han Dynasty was gradually eliminated. However, due to the addition of model books, only eight books were retained. The eight records of the Book of Continued Han Dynasty include Fa, Li, Sacrifice, Tian Wen, Five Elements, Counties, Guan Bai and Yu Fu. Among them, "County Records" recorded the geographical situation since the Eastern Han Dynasty, and "Guan Baizhi" recorded the official system in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They provide important research materials for the evolution of geographical history and official system, which can be linked with the geographical records in Hanshu, the official system of Guanbai and the list of ministers. " Yu Fu Zhi is a newly created catalogue, which records the vehicle and clothing system and is an important content in the legal system. These three records are more valuable among the eight records. Unfortunately, the four chronicles of criminal law, food, Gou Yan and Wen Yi, which are closely related to social economy, politics, ideology and culture, are all absent from Continued Han Shu, which affects the overall achievements of the eight chronicles. There are also Notes on Zhuangzi (2 1 volume), The Tale of Soldiers (20 volumes) and Collected Works (4 volumes). Even. Today, only A Gift for Dan Tao and Miscellaneous Poems are selected. Before Sima Biao, there was a biographical history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Sima Biao, Huaqiang and others wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. To the Southern Dynasties, Ye Fan and Liu Song "collected extensively, read old books, deleted and supplemented them, and wrote the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, with 10 biographies, 10 chronicles and 80 biographies, a total of 100 articles." (The Official History of Shi Tong Ancient and Modern Times) Shu Fan can gather the strengths of many families, so he came from behind. Ye Fan went to prison for his crimes and died before his ten ambitions were realized. Liang made a note for Fan Shu, which was recorded from Continued Records of Han Dynasty and divided into 30 volumes, making up for the deficiency of Fan Shu. The earliest block-printed Book of the Later Han Dynasty was collated by Chen Chong and others in the fifth year of Chunhua, Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 994). "After that, I will send my servant Yu Pei to be rigid in Hangzhou" (one of the four books of Confucianism). In the second year of Zhenzong Jingdezhen (AD 1005), the revised edition of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty (three histories of Chunhua School and seven histories of Jiayou School) was published. The above two versions are only biographies of Ye Fan, not Sima Biao's Continued Records of Han Dynasty. In November, in the first year of Emperor Zhenzong's Ganxing (A.D. 1022, Injong acceded to the throne and did not change the yuan), he was sentenced to imperial academy Sun Shangshu:

His personal work, The Spring and Autumn Annals of Kyushu, consists of two books, Tang Zhi, with nine volumes, and Sui Zhi, with ten volumes, which describes the chaotic history of the warlord regime at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. I lost it. Today, there are two editions, and the yellow edition is included in the collection, which is more complete than the pottery edition. There are only six sections in Wan Wei Shantang, and there are even fewer sections in the Commercial Press. I'll start with the yellow book today.

The Book of Continued Han flourished in the Western Han Dynasty, and Ye Fan, following the work of "East View", became a contemporary masterpiece, tied for three histories. G is published by the holy dynasty, although it is biographical and the like, it is the same as the transfer; Between books and records, they are short and pithy. I overheard Liu Zhao's thirty volumes of Notes on Hanshu, written by Ye Fan in front and described by Liu Zhao in the back. At first, it fled because of death, and finally it was completed. Its legacy was composed and its meaning was applied. As for the products of Yufu, there are rules; "Officials" should be appropriate, and every system should be preserved. If lead slips are added, they will still be carved and become family letters in the absence of past history. There are examples of Jin and Song books, each with its own records. Du Zi's Book of the Later Han Dynasty is incomplete. His Book of the Later Han Dynasty has 30 volumes, which are arranged and engraved in the order of wanting goodness. ("On November 14th of the first year of Ganxing, imperial academy was sent from Zhongshumen")

Renzong ordered Ma Guifu, Sun and others to collate, and in November of the first year of Ganxing, Wu Yin revised and published 30 volumes of the later Han Dynasty (Three History of Chunhua School and Seven History of Jiayou School). At the same time, he added Liu Zhao's annotation "Continued Han Shu" to Ye Fan's "Later Han Shu", and sent it to us in the second year of Tiansheng (the sixth book "Worship Confucianism") for inspection. Sima Biao's Eight Records became an important part of Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty.

The characteristics of continuing Han records

The Book of Continued Han has its own distinctive features.

Function 1

First, in the case of a family, it is very useful to "exit the collection" by continuing the previous record. If we compare Sima Biao's Eight Records with Hanzhi, the etiquette, calendar, astronomy, sacrifice, five elements and six records of the county country all follow the old chapter of Han Shu, but the name of the record is slightly different. The name of "suburban sacrifice" is changed to "sacrifice", the geography is changed to "county country", and "Guan Bai" is recorded by Han Shu. Hanzhi lacks records, and Biao lacks records on food, punishment, art and literature. Sima Biao not only inherited Hanzhi, but also wrote many historical facts about the Eastern Han Dynasty, which he himself did not deny. For example, in the Five Elements, he mentioned the writings of Ying Shao, Dongba and Qiao Zhou on the disasters since the founding of the People's Republic of China, saying, "Together, we will continue the previous records." The Legal Records refers to the Legal Records supplemented by Cai Yong and Liu Hong. "Today, take an examination of its meaning Broadcom, skills slightly lead. It is based on the collection of records, continuing the previous chronicles and preparing for a family. " Cai Yong was a famous historian in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He and Zhang Hua and Liu Hong continued the Annals of the Han Dynasty and wrote the Ten Meanings of the Han Dynasty. It means ambition. He is going to delete or continue these ten meanings, some of which are probably the meanings of calendar, ceremony, music, suburban worship and astronomy, and some of which are "the former writes everything", which probably refers to the meaning of car clothes and court meetings. It can be seen that Cai Yong's "Eleven Meanings" also lacks the original records of Han Zhi's diet, art and literature. It can be seen that Sima Biao's eight poems are generally based on his own, and Cai Yong and others have not accumulated ready-made materials, so Sima Biao has never written another one. Therefore, Sima Biao kept the previous records for the family's needs, which was quite successful. Compared with Eight Records of Historical Records and Ten Records of Hanshu, he inherited more than enough and created less, which is also the reason why he couldn't catch up with the class.

Function 2

Second, the way of writing is clear, which embodies the purpose of "teaching the world" in history everywhere. Sima Biao said: "First, the historian Wang Li wrote books on current affairs, remembering good and evil as discouragement, which is also of great significance to teaching the world." "Teaching the world" is the core of Sima Biao's historical thought. "Continued Han Shu" combines historical investigation with the needs of reality, and pays full attention to the social function of historiography to persuade the good and punish the evil and educate the world, which is the development of Confucius' historiography thought. His thought of teaching the world is embodied in the following aspects: first, look at the significance of gains and losses in ancient and modern times through changes. Epitaphs carry out the spirit of connecting the preceding with the following everywhere, and inspect the evolution and changes of various systems. Its significance lies in making "the key to the king's religion, the source of the national code, and preparing for the sudden" an important basis and main reference for real politics. The second is to emphasize etiquette to maintain the current social order. Sima Biao emphasized regality and propriety, and demanded to maintain the hierarchical order of "respect" and "order from top to bottom". In his view, if the monarch has no monarchical power and the minister dies, it will inevitably lead to the chaos of "replacing the mausoleum" and make the whole group suffer greatly. Critics believe that this view meets the needs of the emerging gate valve system, and obeying etiquette is their spiritual pillar. In my opinion, when Sima Biao wrote the book, it coincided with the chaos of the eight kings in the Western Jin Dynasty, the political situation was chaotic, and the people were in poverty. Sima Biao's demand for submission is actually a criticism of real politics. The third is to save money and call for quality and integrity. Sima Biao always expressed his views bluntly when commenting on the evolution of ancient and modern systems. For example, he criticized that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty generally set up official positions, which led to "useless writing"; Guangwudi was praised as "frugal, saving officials and posts, and reducing expenses by 100 million", which made China happy. Criticizing Qin Huang and Hanwu's practice of Zen violates the spirit of "the heaven is pure and upright, and you get something for nothing", and thinks that the fame of the emperor for future generations lies not in "sealing", but in "actually doing good for the people". Between this praise and criticism, it is endowed with the intention of discouraging and teaching the world. It is not only a criticism of the luxurious life of the ruling group in the Western Jin Dynasty, but also a call for a better world style.

The historical evaluation of Fang's Book of Jin: ① "less diligent in learning, but lustful and thin." ; (2) "Shao Tong Qi Yin, research aircraft. Salt can synthesize words and make them immortal. How can we pass on the door industry and do it well? " ; (3) "table pu etiquette, ご pro-disintegrated ク"

Historical records record the Book of Jin, Volume 82, Biography 52.

Grandparents of family members: Sima Jin, the sixth brother of Sima Yi, Xuan Di, the emperor of Jin Dynasty, and Zhong Lang, the official rank.

Father: Sima Mu, Feng Gaoyang Wang.

Brothers: Sima Yi, Levin Wang Shizi, died young.