With the progress of modern science and technology and archaeology, the mystery of human evolution has gradually become clear, and Darwin's theory of evolution has been challenged more and more. No matter how different the mainstream schools of evolution are, their imagination of human ancestors' figure is very similar.
It is believed that there are two mysteries in human physique: one is upright, and the other is sparse body hair. Darwin's theory of biological evolution points out that human beings evolved from apes. Combined with contemporary archaeological achievements, the time schedule of human evolution is Australopithecus (14-8 million years ago), Australopithecus (4-19 million years ago) and Ape (17-200,000 years ago).
1960, Thomas Hardy, an Englishman, put forward the theory of "sea ape", pointing out that 8-4 million years ago, apes went to sea to live and then returned to land. The evidence is that human skin has no thick body hair, only subcutaneous fat, lacrimal gland secretes and excretes salt, and the physiological mechanism of sweating and sexual behavior is like that of aquatic animals, while primates have thick body hair and no subcutaneous fat, which is very different from humans.
People give birth in water without pain, babies naturally like water, and people's reaction when diving is similar to that of seals. However, this theory can't explain the missing ring of fossils 4 million years ago, and humans have not found any marine ape fossils so far.
Some scientists have suggested that during the 4 million-year vacancy period, Australopithecus and a certain marine organism had genetic recombination, that is, the theory of "the combination of land and sea ancestors". As for what kind of marine life it is, there is no evidence. Some scientists believe that human ancestors were formed by the combination of aliens and female apes on earth.
In a word, the mystery of human origin is still controversial and needs evidence. Almost everyone thinks that the characteristics of human hair are changed from hirsutism.
Compared with mammals, human beings have fine hair and soft skin. The characteristics of human fur are unique in nature.
Many people think that human ancestors wore animal skin clothes, which led to the gradual degradation of body hair. This obviously can't stand scrutiny. Most people in the tropics or Africa didn't wear clothes until modern times. Most of their bodies are long-term, but African people have the rarest body hair.
White people who live in cold areas for a long time have thicker body hair. The only explanation is that human hair is not full and has not degenerated! Darwin used the theory of sexual selection to explain human nudity.
This explanation is also far-fetched.
2. History of the development of human society An introduction to the social development of Li, Mou Shuxun and Ma Yanbao Chapter I Primitive Society Section I Dawn of mankind 1. From creationism to evolution II. The role of labor in the origin of human society. The development of productive forces in primitive society 1. Paleolithic II. Mesolithic Age and Neolithic Age. Transition to the clan system of primitive society in the third quarter of metal industry 1. From blood clan to clan two. Matriarchal clan and paternal clan. Primitive public ownership. The function of clan organization. Culture and art of primitive society. Primitive religious totem and totem worship. Simple moral concept. Ancient Primitive Art V. Disintegration of Primitive Society I. Transition from Clan Commune to Rural Commune II. The emergence of private ownership. The disintegration of clans Chapter II The emergence of slavery in slave society Section I The formation of slavery Section II The origin of slaves Section III Slavery is the result of the development of social productive forces Section II The characteristics of slave production relations Section I Slaves are the "talking tools" of slave owners Section II The "hunger" of slaves and the "wine pool and meat forest" of slave owners Section III Slave owners' rule over slaves Section I The earliest state machine, intangible spiritual shackles Section IV The development of slave social productive forces/kloc- The emergence of slavery is a great progress of human society 2. New achievements in social production. The emergence and development of cities. Human life has entered civilization and developed to the first generation. Ancient human writing II. Brilliant ancient culture. The demise of slave society 3. Feudal society Capitalist society. Socialist society and communist society.
3. What is the law of the historical development of human society? The law of the development of human society shows that productivity is the most active and revolutionary factor in the development of human society and the ultimate decisive force. Whoever promotes the development of productive forces will become the ruler, and whoever hinders the development of productive forces will be crushed by the gear of historical progress. Because the historical view is people's fundamental insight into social history. Before the birth of historical materialism, people always explained historical events and historical development from the will of God, the thoughts of outstanding figures or some secret reason, that is, some spiritual factor. The result is either misinterpreting human history or putting it aside completely. The bourgeois view of history explains history from the perspective of "man", which is a great progress compared with the theological view of explaining history with the will of God in the Middle Ages. But the people it understands are abstract people. That is, a biological person who is divorced from historical development conditions and specific social relations, stands in front of nature in isolation, or loses the mysterious "self-consciousness" of perceptual existence. Starting from this abstract person, the motive force of historical development and social progress must be attributed to the goodness of human nature or mysterious rationality. This is still to explain history with non-historical factors and things people imagine and think about. Therefore, it is impossible to correctly understand history and the object of historical research. Historical materialism holds that realistic people are just personification of certain social relations, and all their properties and activities always depend on their material living conditions. Only from the surrounding material living conditions that make people what they are now can we examine people and their activities. Only on the basis of real history can we describe the real process of human development. The method of historical materialism clearly stipulates that its research object is the general law of social development. It is different from the specific social science that pays attention to a local field and an individual aspect of social life. It pays attention to the general structure and general development law of the whole society. Its task is to provide the theoretical basis of historical view and methodology for each specific social science. I hope my answer can help you ~
4. What is the law of the historical development of human society? The law of the development of human society shows that productivity is the most active and revolutionary factor in the development of human society and the ultimate decisive force. Whoever promotes the development of productive forces will become the ruler, and whoever hinders the development of productive forces will be crushed by the gear of historical progress.
Because the historical view is people's fundamental view of social history. Before the birth of historical materialism, people always explained historical events and historical development from the will of God, the thoughts of outstanding figures or some secret reason, that is, some spiritual factor. The result is either a misinterpretation of human history or a complete disregard for human history. The bourgeois view of history explains history from the viewpoint of "man", which is a great progress compared with the theological view of explaining history with the will of God in the Middle Ages. But the person it understands is an abstract person, that is, a biological person who stands in front of nature in isolation from historical development conditions and specific social relations, or a mysterious "self-consciousness" that loses perceptual existence. Starting from such an abstract person, the motive force of historical development and social progress must be attributed to the goodness of human nature or mysterious rationality. This is still to explain history with non-historical factors and things people imagine and think about, so it is impossible to correctly understand history and the objects of historical research.
Historical materialism holds that realistic people are just personification of certain social relations, and all their properties and activities always depend on their material living conditions. Only by examining people and their activities from the surrounding material living conditions that make people like this can we describe the real process of human development on the basis of real history. The method of historical materialism to investigate problems clearly stipulates that its research object is the general law of social development. Unlike the specific social science, which focuses on a local field and an individual aspect of social life, it focuses on the study of the general structure and development law of society as a whole. Its task is to provide the theoretical basis of historical view and methodology for each specific social science.
I hope my answer can help you ~!
5. What are the historical facts of the development of primitive human society? In the final analysis, the development of society is the development of productive forces. In primitive society, due to the development of productive forces, surplus products appeared and class differentiation appeared. There was a conflict between tribes at that time. For example, when there is a war, there will be prisoners of war. Prisoners of war later became slaves, tribal leaders and nobles became slave owners. In order to safeguard their own interests, slave owners established state machines, that is, the ruling class and slaves. Tribal members, civilians are the ruling class. In Xia Dynasty, the state machine was initially formed. The state machine established by the slave society served the slave owners and nobles. They allowed slaves to cultivate land and work hard, and they could receive education, conduct research and inventions, which promoted the development of productive forces, so it was the establishment of slave society and the progress of mankind.
6. How to understand that the development of human society is also a natural and historical process? The development of social form is a natural historical process, which means that human society, like nature, is not only an objective material development process independent of human subjective will, but also a regular, dialectical and historical development process. Human activities are conscious and purposeful, and it is human conscious and purposeful practice that constitutes the history of human society and forms the laws of human history. The realization of social and historical laws must also be achieved through human conscious and purposeful activities. We can explain it from the following aspects. First, when each generation begins to live in society, they encounter ready-made productive forces and relations of production, and no one can choose freely. What kind of productive forces and relations of production each generation encounters is independent of their will, and they must take the end of their predecessors' activities as their starting point. Second, although people can't choose them freely, it doesn't mean that we can't change the original productivity and production relations according to our own purposes and needs. People always change the original productive forces and relations of production according to our own purposes and needs. However, people don't know what kind of social results will be caused by their own purposes and activities. This is because this social result is caused by the "resultant force" formed by the interaction of various social factors and social forces. Every social force has played a role in the formation of this "resultant force", but the development of history is independent of any social force. Every social force has contingency, but the "resultant force" produced by the interaction of all these social forces reflects historical inevitability. The clearest and most convincing explanation is why human activities are conscious and purposeful, but the social history and its laws formed by such conscious activities are objective and independent of human will. Third, Lenin pointed out that the method used by Marx and Engels to study social and historical issues "is to divide economic fields from all fields of social life and draw production relations from all social relations." And regard this production relationship as the basic primitive relationship that determines all other relations. " (Selected Works of Lenin, vol. 1, People's Publishing House 1995, p. 6) And he said, "Only by attributing social relations to the relations of production and the relations of production to the level of productivity can we have a reliable basis to regard the development of social forms as a natural historical process." (ibid., page 9) This is because there are two "divisions" and two "deductions", which apply the general materialism principle that material determines consciousness to the study of human social history, indicating that in the field of social history, it is also material things that determine spiritual things, objective things determine subjective things, and social existence determines social consciousness, thus establishing the basic principle of historical materialism.
7. The development of human society is a complicated social evolution process, and there are many provisions in the development of social history: ① international recognition of private land, allowing free trading, rewarding farming and producing more grain and cloth, which can exempt corvee; According to the size of the meritorious military service, the title of Hotan Prefecture was abolished, and the old aristocratic privileges without meritorious military service were abolished, and the county system was established. Shang Yang's political reform completely abolished the old Shi Qing record system and established a new feudal system. ② During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, reforms were carried out in order to learn the advanced culture of the Han nationality. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty accelerated the feudalization process of all ethnic groups in the North and promoted the great integration of ethnic groups. ③ During the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School advocated learning advanced western production technology. Maintain the rule of the Qing dynasty. The Meiji Restoration gradually transformed Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country, and got rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history. ⑤ In 1930s, in order to eliminate the impact of the economic crisis on the United States, the United States implemented the Roosevelt New Deal, which was characterized by strengthening the state's intervention and guidance in the economy without changing the capitalist system. ⑤ After the Second World War, Eastern European countries and China all adopted Stalin's model for economic construction, and took many detours, so they all carried out socialist reforms to varying degrees. Among them, China implemented reform and opening up. ⑦ This question is an open question to test students' open thinking ability. As long as it makes sense, such as the driving force of reform to promote social progress and the formulation of national policies, we must adapt to the national conditions. So the answers are: ① Shang Yang's reform; ② Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty; ③ Westernization. Strengthened the state's intervention and guidance to the economy. ⑤ Stalin model; Reform and opening up. ⑦ Reform is the driving force to promote social progress, and the formulation of national policies should be adapted to the national conditions.