10 June 8th is the 50th anniversary of the founding of China's space industry. In the past 50 years, China's space industry has grown from scratch, from small to large, from weak to strong, and has climbed to new heights. China astronauts worked independently, worked hard, cooperated vigorously and made selfless contributions. They wrote China's space legend with enthusiasm, which inspired the patriotic heartstrings of the Chinese nation.
preface
1955 after the central government made a decision to develop atomic energy and atomic bombs, missiles (rockets) as vehicles became a new direction of work. In 1956 to 1967, which were formulated in the spring of 1956, emerging technologies such as atomic energy and rocket technology became the development focus. The whole country has set off an upsurge of "marching into science and technology".
First, work hard.
1, far-sighted and resolute.
1956 On April 13, the Aviation Industry Committee was formally established with Nie as its director. Under the auspices of Nie Shuai, more than 30 scientific and technological experts, a group of military and political cadres, and 150 college graduates gathered in Beijing one after another, becoming the team created by the new China's space industry.
1956 10 10 On 8 October, China's first missile research institute, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense (referred to as the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense), was formally established, with its first president Qian Xuesen. China's space industry was born.
2. Introduce technology and learn to digest.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Fifth National Defense Institute, the former Soviet Union provided important help to our country. 1956 10 The former Soviet Union first provided two P- 1 missiles for teaching, and in 1957 12 liquid short-range ballistic ground-to-ground missiles and a set of ground equipment. At the same time, it also provided China with engineering design drawings of missile development base and launch base, and dispatched technology.
With the help of the former Soviet Union, China started the imitation of P-2 missiles and C-75 surface-to-air missiles, started the construction of missile research and launch bases, and set up a teaching brigade to learn missile operation and use technology.
During this period, 1957, 10/0/4 October, the former Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first artificial earth satellite, which greatly inspired China and other countries in the Eastern Group.
3. Be independent and self-reliant.
China's space industry has always adhered to independence and self-reliance. 1960 Sino-Soviet relations broke down, and China's determination to build a strong national defense was firm. 1960165438+1On October 5th, the liquid short-range ballistic surface-to-surface missile imitated by China was successfully launched. Since then, China has its own short-range ballistic missile. In September of the same year, China's first liquid sounding rocket T-7 designed and manufactured by Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute was successfully launched.
Step 4 summarize and start successfully
At the beginning of the establishment of the Fifth Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, there was 10 research room, 1957 was reorganized into the first and second branches, 196 1 was reorganized into the third branch, and 1964 was reorganized into the fourth branch. At the same time, relevant scientific research institutes have continuously joined the management system of the Fifth National Defense Institute, enriching and perfecting the scientific research system, including the Shanghai Electromechanical Design Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (established in 1958, 1963 merged into the Fifth National Defense Institute) and the Shanghai Second Electromechanical Industry Bureau (established in 19 1). 1962 is under the centralized management of the Fifth National Defense Institute), the Military Electronic Science Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications (1958 was established by the Fifth National Defense Institute), and the missile test and training base (196 1 was established by the Fifth National Defense Institute). By the end of 1964, the Fifth Academy of National Defense had initially established a research system covering the fields of missiles, rockets, satellites and related systems, and had the ability and conditions for independent research and development and testing. The establishment, construction and achievements of the Fifth Academy of National Defense prove that China's space industry has made a successful start and laid a good foundation for accomplishing greater historical tasks.
Second, support development.
1, "Four Bombs in Eight Years" and Missile Nuclear Weapons
1964 10 10/6, after the first atomic bomb exploded successfully, it became a top priority to develop missile nuclear weapons and solve the means of delivery. 1964 65438+In February, the first meeting of the Third National People's Congress passed a resolution to establish the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry to organize and manage the research, design, trial production, test and production of the aerospace industry in a unified way.
1in March, 1965, the development plan of the surface-to-surface missile of the Seventh Machinery Department was approved. This is the development plan of "four bombs in eight years", that is, during the eight years from 1965 to 1972, four kinds of liquid ballistic missiles with medium and short range, medium range and long range were successfully developed and improved. Although the plan was disturbed by the "Cultural Revolution" and the progress was delayed, it was basically realized. This has played a positive role in promoting the formation and perfection of China's aerospace science and technology industry system and laid a technical and material foundation for the new development of China's aerospace science and technology industry.
1966101On October 27th, the Dongfeng -2 A medium and short-range missile designed and manufactured by China carried a nuclear warhead and hit the target accurately. The combined test of two missiles was successful. Since then, China has its own practical missile nuclear weapons, which has made great contributions to breaking the hegemonic nuclear monopoly.
2. The third aerospace line, new bases and new ventures.
In the mid-1960s, according to the instructions of the Central Committee on strengthening combat readiness, strengthening third-line construction and establishing a consolidated strategic rear, the space system began to build rear bases on a large scale. The vast number of space workers came from first-tier cities to remote areas in third-tier mountainous areas. Under extremely difficult conditions, after 20 years of hard work, a three-level space base has been built.
3. Dongfanghong-1 satellite and Long March-1 carrier rocket
Since 1966 "Cultural Revolution", the development of satellites has been greatly impacted. In order to speed up the development of China's first artificial earth satellite, according to the proposal of Vice Premier Nie, China Academy of Space Technology was established in February 1968, which effectively guaranteed the normal development of satellite development.
1On April 24th, 970, the Long March-1 carrier rocket successfully launched the Dongfanghong-1 satellite at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and China People's Broadcasting Station broadcasted the music of Dongfanghong to the whole world through the satellite, which cheered the people of all ethnic groups in China. The successful launch of China's first artificial earth satellite indicates that China has mastered the research, launch and measurement and control technology of multi-stage launch vehicles and artificial satellites, which is a major breakthrough in the history of China's space technology development, and China has entered the space age.
4. Summary, a historic leap
After the establishment of the Seventh Machinery Department, the system construction has been continuously enriched and the technical system has been continuously improved. Despite the interference of the "Cultural Revolution", the technological breakthroughs and engineering achievements that western powers took a long time to obtain were independently completed in a short time, and China's space industry achieved a historic leap.
Under the planned economic system and the bipolar world structure, the space industry, as an important part of national defense, has received strong support from the state. However, in the process of world peace and development, the aerospace industry is facing a transformation.
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The theme is about & gt
The next line of the title is an introduction.
2 to 3 paragraphs of argument, one paragraph of argument should have arguments and historical materials.
Write another line to deepen the summary.
There are about five paragraphs, 700 to 800.
In the Christian theocratic political and cultural tradition, there is a strong theocratic political concept of "divine right of kingship". Christianity's idea of divine right of kingship began to spread widely and deeply in western European society in the early Middle Ages. At that time, the war of annexation between kingdoms and conflicts between nations and tribes broke out one after another, and class division and confrontation deepened day by day. In the turbulent social environment, in order to survive and develop, the "barbarian" kingship and the church tried their best to build a ruling order dominated by "God-given" kingship, and thus advocated the preaching of God-given kingship. With the continuous accumulation of Christian theocratic political and cultural traditions, the coronation ceremony of the king anointed by the monarchy and the church came into being. After Christianity was introduced into England at the end of the 6th century, England was gradually influenced by its theocratic political and cultural traditions, and the coronation ceremony of king anointing came into being and became popular.
The theocratic political and cultural tradition of the church has effectively promoted the transformation from the weak "barbarian" kingship to the sacred "Christian kingship". This great historical change in the political history of western Europe in the early Middle Ages was the most remarkable in Britain at that time, which opened the way for the rise of British feudal kingship. With the spread of church theocracy and the implementation of the coronation ceremony of the king, the situation of weak kingship in England gradually disappeared. Through this ceremony, the king became the "King of God's Destiny" who ruled the country with "God's grace", and everyone must obey him. To oppose the king is to oppose God, and will be severely punished by God. With the deification of the king, the British kingship has been strengthened since the 9th century. The king's public political authority was gradually established and confirmed and protected by law. The important legal power of the kingdom also belongs to the king, and its "King's Peace" clause with universal public law effect puts the crime of undermining the stability of the kingdom under the jurisdiction of the royal court. The local administrative system of the country is divided into counties, which have been established one after another. In addition, the king also established the armed forces of the kingdom, including feudal service forces, local militia organizations and mercenaries. It can be said that it is with the help of the church's theocratic political and cultural tradition that the "barbarian" British king was able to break through the shackles of Germanic primitive military and democratic habits, initially established the sacred authority and dignity of the monarch, and created the embryonic form of the national system. This laid a solid foundation for the establishment of British feudal kingship after Norman conquest.
William, Duke of Normandy, launched the Norman conquest of England on 1066. William gained the dual political identity and status of king of a country and feudal patriarch, and established a powerful feudal kingship. Subsequently, the theocratic political and cultural tradition of the church also played an important role in the consolidation and development of the British feudal monarchy. During the Norman Conquest, William couldn't wait for the Archbishop of York to anoint him at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. The oiling coronation ceremony transformed William from a leader and vassal duke of foreign military conquest into a sacred and legal monarch of the kingdom. From then on, Duke William came to this kingdom as William I, the appointed king of England by God. After that, under the careful design of the royal power and the church, the coronation ceremony of the king gradually improved and became a grand religious-political etiquette system in the British Kingdom. At the same time, it is precisely because of this ceremony that the centrifugal factors of the nobles can be alleviated. The coronation ceremony with oil shows the unique symbolic significance of theocracy. The king is the king of a country, and everyone must obey his authority, otherwise he will be punished by the king and thus by God. Through this ceremony, the image of the king's feudal patriarch was greatly weakened, and he could break through the restrictions of feudal habits by God's will, further expand his monarchy as the highest public political authority of the country, and curb the growth of feudal centrifugal factors. It can be said that under the long-term influence of the church's theocratic political and cultural tradition, in the12nd century, the image of the king of England as the highest public political authority endowed by God was gradually firmly established in the kingdom and was widely recognized and worshipped by all walks of life.
As far as the church is concerned, in order to gain shade, it is committed to deifying and assisting the monarchy. However, after all, the church is an international religious organization with the Pope as its theocratic leader, and has a specific theocratic institution and system. The ideal goal of its theocracy is to establish a theocracy that can protect the church and not interfere in educational affairs. Therefore, we want to support the monarchy and restrict it, aiming at getting rid of the shackles of the monarchy on religious power.
The expansion of the holy see's theocracy and its constant intervention in British politics became the catalyst for the contradiction between Christianity and secularism in Britain at this time. Although the previous Pope has been recognized as a religious leader in Western Europe, in fact, most churches in various countries are controlled by their own kingship. From the middle of 1 1 century, the Pope used Clooney's reform movement to strengthen theocracy. In this process, theologians in the Holy See tried their best to explain the inner connotation of the opposition between religion and secular rights in the political and cultural tradition of theocracy, put forward a political theory different from the traditional new theocracy, denied the principle that the kingship directly came from God's "theocracy", and advocated that the religious power was granted by God and the kingship was granted by the Pope, and the Pope had the right to depose according to the creed that the sovereignty of "soul" was higher than that of "body". Accordingly, in the middle of12nd century, the Holy See fixed the church sacraments into seven items, excluding the anointed coronation ceremony of the king from the sacraments. At the same time, the Holy See and the monarchies of various countries launched a "authorization" dispute aimed at controlling the churches of various countries, and the British kingdom became a major target of the Holy See's attack. The main focus of the dispute between kingship and teaching power is mainly on the competition for teachers' appointment right, knighthood right and judicial power, and the purpose of this competition is nothing more than to expand their own power and gain more power. However, as long as the social nature has not changed fundamentally, the political alliance between them will inevitably be in a dominant position, and the dispute over their rights and interests will inevitably be in a subordinate position, and will eventually end in mutual compromise.
The opposition between church power and kingship makes political authority divided into church power and secular power, which makes all kinds of judicial jurisdiction possible. In the same society, the coexistence and competition of various jurisdictions and legal systems is the most prominent feature of western legal tradition. Pahlman pointed out: "From the beginning of12nd century to the end of13rd century, the western legal tradition was formed. It has a characteristic that there are various newly established legal systems and multiple jurisdictions coexist. Many criminal and civil crimes are covered by church law and secular regime law. In addition, the existence of multiple jurisdictions also promotes the systematization and rationalization of laws. The pattern of church legal system and secular legal system in turn leads to the complexity of various secular legal systems within the church legal order, and what is more special is the coexistence of church courts and secular courts. In addition, in order to maintain the complex balance between the compound legal system and the antagonistic legal system, it is necessary to systematize and rationalize the law. This will inevitably shape the western legal tradition to a certain extent. Church law is the first modern legal system in the west. Those important structural elements of church law, such as church marriage law, property law and contract law, naturally enter the secular legal system as one of the dual models.
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I have checked my previous records. I wonder if I can help you.
Yue Fei (1103 ~1142), a native of Tangyin, Xiangzhou, was a famous Song Dynasty. Filial piety to mother, although the family is poor, is very hard. His mother tattooed the words "loyal to the country" on his back, and Yue Fei took it as the criterion of life. During the reign of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, he took part in conscription and stayed under Zong Ze. After repeated defeats, Song Gaozong wrote the word "Zhong Yuefei" in calligraphy and set up a flag for him. Later, he defeated Li Cheng, leveled, beheaded Yang Yao, tired of being an official for Qiu, granted less insurance, and recruited envoys from all walks of life in northern Henan.
In 1 129, Jin Wushu crossed the river and conquered Jiankang. Yue Fei persisted in resisting. The following year, in Yancheng, the "kidnapper" of Jiankang was recovered, and Zhengzhou and Luoyang were recovered. Rebels from two rivers (Huaihe River and Yellow River) responded in succession and wanted to enter Zhuxian Town again. Unfortunately, Premier Qin Gui defended this.
The army led by Yue Fei is called "Yue Jiajun", and Jin Bing is very afraid of "Yue Jiajun". It is said that it is easier to shake the mountain than the Yue family army. 1 162, when Song Xiaozong was reinstated, Wu Mu was killed, Ning Zongshi was posthumously named King of Hubei, and was posthumously regarded as a loyal minister, including The Collection of Yue Wumu and the famous work Man Jiang Hong.
I think Yue Fei is a national hero, although there are differences on this issue. However, as far as historical achievements are concerned, Yue Fei was first appointed as an anti-gold general. Judging from the purpose and the biggest beneficiary of Yue Fei's resistance to gold, it was obviously for the national interests of the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, Yue Fei advocates justice because the corruption of one country's political power cannot be an excuse for another country's aggression, and the fate of a country should be decided by its own people. Yue Fei represents the spirit and integrity of putting personal safety at risk, perseverance and saving the nation from extinction. In this sense, it should be correct to regard Yue Fei as a hero of the whole Chinese nation.
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