After hundreds of years of vicissitudes, the walls of Miyagi, Imperial City and Waiguo have been completely destroyed, but the tall walls of Beijing, except for wooden buildings such as gates, no longer exist, and the walls still stand. So today's so-called "Nanjing City Wall" and "Nanjing Ming City Wall" all refer to the capital city wall. Nanjing's Ming Dynasty Fourth Ring City Wall, with both innovation and inheritance, is unique and charming in the history of China's capital construction. For details of Miyagi and Imperial City, please refer to the entrance of Nanjing Forbidden City.
Miyagi, also known as Ouchi and Neigong, commonly known as the Forbidden City and Zi Yuan, is the place where Zhu Yuanzhang lived, handled state affairs and received Chinese and foreign envoys and members of the royal family. It is located at the innermost part of the quadruple wall in Nanjing, surrounded by the Royal River in the east corner of the capital of Nanjing.
In the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang ordered that it be built by Liu Ji, who was proficient in geomantic omen theory, and then filled with lakes, with high terrain in the south and low terrain in the north. Miyagi sits facing south, with a slightly rectangular plane. The main body of the palace wall is about 0.95 km long from north to south, 0.75 km wide from east to west and 3.4 km in circumference.
Formerly known as "Yanzi Lake", it is low-lying and has been dredged, piled, filled and paved with boulders. Miyagi architecture is divided into two parts: the former dynasty (three halls) and the imperial residence (six palaces).
On the wall of Miyagi, there were four gates in the early days. Hongwu "changed it to the Omuchi Wumen Gate in ten years, adding two views." There are three doors in the middle, and things have two doors on the left and right. Therefore, * * * built six doors: the main entrance in the south is the meridian gate, the left and right doors on the left and right sides of the meridian gate, the west gate is the Xihua gate, the east gate is the Donghua gate, and the north gate is the Xuanwu gate. Xuanwu Gate, commonly known as the "post-slaughter gate" (now mistakenly called "post-slaughter gate").
Miyagi city wall
Construction time: from the 26th year of Yuan Zheng Zhi to the first year of Ming Hongwu (1366- 1368), lasting for 2 years.
Height and width of the city wall: 6-7 meters high and 2-3 meters wide.
Length of city wall: 3.3 1 km
Open City Gate: There are six city gates, namely, Wumen Gate, Zuoye Gate, Right Yemen Gate, Donghuamen Gate, Xihuamen Gate and Xuanwu Gate.
Disappearing time: from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China (the surface buildings of Wumen and Donghuamen have been preserved so far, and the surface of Xihuamen is only preserved by Sumitomo)
Miyagi City Gate Miyagi City Gate Wumen (Wumen) Left Gate Yemen Right Gate Donghuamen Xihuamen Xuanwu Gate (Houzaimen or Houzaimen) For details about Miyagi City and Imperial City, please refer to the entrance of Nanjing Forbidden City.
The Imperial City, the nearest wall to protect Miyagi, is built around Miyagi, but it is not equidistant. During the Yongle period, the expansion of the Western Wall of the Imperial City led to the distance from Xihuamen to Xi 'anmen being about twice as long as that from Donghuamen to Dong 'anmen, and the plane was inverted convex. The imperial city, Miyagi and the buildings included are collectively called "palaces".
The form of the palace, according to the old system of five doors and three halls in the Book of Rites, has five doors from outside to inside: "Hongwumen, Chengtianmen, Ruimen, Wumen and Fengtianmen"; Behind these five doors, there are three main halls: Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall and Shenshen Hall. In the sixth palace, according to the old system of Zhou Li, there are Gan Qing Palace and Kunning Palace behind the main hall, and there are "Rijing Gate" and "Yuehua Gate" opposite the main entrance of the two palaces to symbolize that the residence of the emperor and queen will always be like heaven, earth, sun and moon.
There are seven gates on the wall of the imperial city: the south gate of the imperial city is Hongwumen, which is located in the north of Zhengyangmen (namely Guanghuamen) in Beijing. After entering Hongwumen, it is a thousand-step corridor in the north-south direction, with continuous corridors on both sides, which turn from south to north to east and west to cross street in front of Chengtianmen, forming a curved ruler shape. On the back two sides of Qianqianlang are the offices of the "five departments and six hospitals" central government. Crossing the Waiwulong Bridge is Chengtianmen (equivalent to Tiananmen Square in Beijing).
In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), the Jinshui Bridge in Ouchi was rebuilt. Between the Wumen Gate in the south of Miyagi and the Chengtianmen Gate in the south of Imperial City, five gates and five gates and Chengtianmen Gate Tower were built. On the east and west sides of the palace on both sides of the end gate, the north and south palace walls were built to separate the ancestral temple in the east from the social altar in the west, making the palace safer and becoming the only traffic to Miyagi. On the north-south imperial wall in front of Chengtianmen, there are Chang 'an Left Gate and Chang 'an Right Gate, which connect things on Chang 'an Avenue. Dong 'anmen, Xi 'anmen and Bei 'anmen are in the north of the main city of the imperial city.
Under the imperial wall in the southwest corner of the imperial city, the eunuch's prison is located. Other departments, bureaus, warehouses, houses, factories and other institutions serving the imperial court are located in Miyagi and Imperial City.
On the rivers inside and outside the palace, in addition to the Wulong Bridge inside and outside, there are Qinglong Bridge near the East Chang 'an Gate and Baihu Bridge near the West Chang 'an Gate, which is the so-called "left Qinglong, right Baihu" system commonly used in Feng Shui theory.
Huangcheng city wall
Construction time: 25 years of Ming Hongwu-26 years of Ming Hongwu (1392- 1393) duration 1 year.
Height and width of the city wall: 6-7 meters high and 2-3 meters wide.
Length of city wall: 9.95km (136 16 crib, 200 bunks).
There are city gates: there are seven city gates, namely Hongwumen, Chang 'an Left Gate, Chang 'an Right Gate, Dong 'anmen, Xi 'anmen, Bei 'anmen and Chengtianmen.
Disappearing time: from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China (Xi 'anmen and other landmark buildings have been preserved so far)
Huangchengchengmen
Huangchengmen Hongwumen Chang 'an Left Door Chang 'an Right Door Dong 'anmen Xi Anmen Bei 'anmen Chengtianmen
The capital, also known as the inner city, is 35.267 kilometers long, with 136 16 streams, 200 shacks and 13 gates. Its city wall has a unique shape, which was originally founded by Zhu Yuanzhang and Liu Ji in the early Ming Dynasty.
Contrary to the traditional forms such as "the craftsman governs the country, the square is nine miles, and the three doors operate" and "the left ancestor and the right society look at the market", it abandoned the old system that the ancient capital of China was square or rectangular since the Han and Tang Dynasties, but the irregular shape was built according to the geographical situation of mountains, lakes and rivers for defense needs, which became a special case in the history of ancient urban construction in China. Therefore, people say that the Nanjing city wall is a "treasure gourd" shape; Some experts say that the Nanjing city wall is "non-square, non-round, irregular, polygonal and unequal" and "palace fan".
Nanjing city wall is based on the Southern Dipper and the Big Dipper in the sky. Setting the city as a personalized Nandoushao residential building not only conforms to the economic conditions and public support at that time, but also protects the most prosperous area of Nanjing in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. More importantly, the design idea of Taoist metaphor in the architectural language of Nanjing city wall satisfies Zhu Yuanzhang's desire of "imperial power is supreme" and "being the master forever", and embodies the designer's thought of "harmony between man and nature" and "entrusting imperial power to the gods"
Capital city wall
Construction time: from the 26th year of Yuan Zheng Zhi to the 19th year of Ming Hongwu (1366- 1386), it lasted 2 1 year.
Height and width of city wall: city height 14-2 1 m (up to 26 meters), city width 7- 14 meters (up to 30 meters at the widest point).
Length of city wall: 35.267km.
City gate water gate: 0/3 city gate/kloc-block, including two urns at Zhengyangmen, three urns at Tongji Gate, three urns at Jubaomen, three urns at Sanshanmen, two urns at Shichengmen, one urn at Liangqingmen, Dinghuai Gate, Yifeng Gate, Zhongfumen, Jinchuanmen, one urn outside the toilet god gate, one urn outside the emergency gate and one urn outside the Chaoyang gate. Set up two watergates, East Watergate and West Watergate.
Disappearing time: Some city walls were demolished in 1960s, and the city walls still exist more than 25km, the highest in the world.
The total length of Nanjing Ming City Wall is 35.267km, including 25.09 1 km of ground remains and10.176km of ruins.
Thirteen Gates in Ming Dynasty: Zhengyangmen (now Guanghuamen) Tongji Jubaomen (now Zhonghua Gate) Sanshanmen (now Shuiximen) Shichengmen (now Hanximen) Liangmen Dinghuai Gate Yifeng Gate Fumen Jinchuanmen Toilet Shenmen (now Heping Gate) Taiping Gate Chaoyang Gate (now Zhongshan Gate) After the Ming Dynasty, the city gate was added.
(Pay attention to the opening time later) Xuanwu Gate (1908) Caochangmen (1908) Xiaobeimen (1908) Yijiangmen (192 1 year) Central Gate (1year). 1933) Wudingmen (1933) Xinmin men (1934) Yuhua men (1936) Jiefangmen (1954) Jiqingmen (199)
Waiguo, commonly known as Tuchengtou, is mainly composed of hills and mud, and bricks are added in some weak defense places such as the city gate. As far as orientation is concerned, the plane shape of the exoskeleton is roughly rhombic, and the perimeter is 180 Li. During the Hongwu period, 16 gates were built. At present, there are no foreign gates, and some have addresses to check. Among them, Qilinmen to Xianhemen and other places can also see the ruins of the city wall of that year. Guanyin Gate is the northernmost gate, Qilin Gate is the easternmost gate, Jiagang Gate is the southernmost gate, and the Waiguo City Wall in the west is not encircled, leaving a gap between the north and the south extending to the Yangtze River respectively.
Waiguo city wall
Construction time: Twenty-three years of Ming Hongwu-Twenty-five years of Ming Hongwu (1390- 1392) lasted for two years.
Height and width of the city wall: the height of the city is about 8 8- 10/0m, and the width of the city wall is 6-8m. There is a water culvert under the city.
The length of the city wall: more than 60 kilometers (officially called 180 Li in Ming Dynasty)
There are city gates: there are 19 city gates, including fence gate, Jiangdong gate, elephant taming gate, elephant taming gate, Andemen, Little Andemen, Fengtai gate, Jiagang gate, Fangmen gate, Gao Qiao gate, Cangbo gate, Qilin gate, Xianhe gate, Fangyao gate, Guanyin gate, Funing gate, Shangyuan gate and Waijinchuan gate.
Disappearing time: From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the Jinchuan Gate outside Waiguo City Gate was followed by Funing Gate (Foling Gate), Guanyin Gate, Fangyao Gate (Hua Yao Gate), Xianhe Gate, Qilin Gate, Zangbo Gate, Gao Qiao Gate (now the door), Jiagang Gate (now Jiagang Gate), Fengtai Gate, Andemen Gate (Da 'an Gate) and Xiao 'anmen Elephant Training Gate (Xiao 'an Gate).