In 960, the generals of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, and made him emperor, with the title of Song, with the capital of Bianliang (Kaifeng, Henan) [2]. Later, the military power was released through a glass of wine, and the general power and financial power were concentrated in the central government, avoiding the chaotic situation of the separatist regime in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. [3] But it also led to the Song Dynasty's defeat in the war with Liao and Xixia. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), the Jingkang disaster occurred, and Jin came to Bianliang and died the following year. [4]
The northeast of the Northern Song Dynasty is bounded by Haihe River in Bazhou, Hebei Province and Yanmenguan in Shanxi Province. The northwest is bounded by Hengshan Mountain in Shaanxi, East Gansu and Huangshui in Qinghai. The southwest is bounded by Minshan and Dadu River. Song Shenzong opened the Xihe River to recover Hehuang, and Song Huizong designated Longyou as the capital of Khufu in northern Qinghai, and redeemed the seven states of Youyun with heavy money. [5]
The political system of the Song Dynasty generally followed the system of the Tang Dynasty, adopting the method of decentralization, with many people as prime ministers, and also implementing the appointment system of separating official positions from actual positions, which played an important role in safeguarding national unity and also caused the situation of "accumulating poverty and accumulating weakness". [6]
Some people think that the Northern Song Dynasty was the most prosperous economic and cultural era in the ancient history of China. [7] During this period, Confucianism revived, science and technology advanced by leaps and bounds, politics became more enlightened, and economy and culture flourished. In the third year of Xianping (1000), the GDP was $26.55 billion [8], accounting for 22.7% of the world [9], and the per capita GDP was $450, exceeding the Western Europe's $400 at that time. [10] During the Northern Song Dynasty, the rice farming population in Zhancheng increased rapidly from 3,765,438+million in the five years of Taiping and Xingguo (980) to1260,000 in the six years of Xuanhe (124). [ 1 1]
During the Northern Song Dynasty, foreign relations developed further on the basis of the Tang Dynasty. In East Asia, they have close exchanges with North Korea and Japan, and in Southeast Asia, they have also strengthened their ties with Vietnam and Indonesia. [12] At the same time, they also affected West Asia and Africa. [ 13]
The establishment of Northern Song Dynasty
Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu
Zhao Kuangyin played an important role in the process of establishing Guo Wei as the Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty, and was promoted to be the head of the East and West Class and became an imperial officer. In 953, Guo Wei sent Zhao Kuangyin to Sliding State as the deputy chief. At this time, Guo Wei's adopted son Chai Rong [18] was made King of Jin, and was appointed as Kaifeng Prefecture Yin. Chai Rong and Zhao Kuangyin worked together in the army for several years. Knowing that Zhao Kuangyin was brave and clever, they left Zhao Kuangyin with them and asked him to be Ma Zhijun's ambassador in Kaifeng. [ 19]
In 954, Guo Wei died, and his adopted son Chai Rong succeeded to the throne for Zhou Shizong. 1June, 959, Chai Rong died in Kaifeng, and his 7-year-old son Chai Zongxun succeeded to the throne, so the military affairs had to be decided by his ministers. At this point, Zhao Kuangyin has mastered the power of the army, and also brought some important generals to his side, and became "one club and ten brothers" with Yang Guangyi, Shi Shouxin, Li Jixun, Wang Shenqi, Liu Qingyi, Han Chongyun, Liu Shouzhong, Liu Tingrang and Wang Zhengzhong. Under the curtain, his younger brother Zhao Guangyi, his assistants Zhao Pu, Li Chuyun, etc. [
On the first day of the first month in 960, Zhen and Dingzhou sent officials to Kaifeng to send an urgent report to the court, saying that the Khitan and the Northern Han allied forces plundered the territory and asked the court to send troops to defend the enemy. Fan Ju and Wang Min, the prime ministers, failed to examine the military situation, and sent Zhao Kuangyin to lead the Imperial Guards to resist. [ 19]
In 960, when Zhao Kuangyin sent troops to the Northern Expedition, he planned to add a yellow robe to force Chai Zongxun to abdicate, and established the Song Dynasty, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history. This is the Chen Qiaoyi mutiny. At that time, in addition to the newly established Song Dynasty, there were separatist forces such as Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan. [2 1] [22]
Therefore, since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin has begun to unify the whole country. Nanping (Jingnan), Houshu and Nanhan were destroyed in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the more powerful Nantang was defeated in 975. Since then, the local forces in wuyue, Fujian, Zhang Quan and other places have been "absorbed" by the Song Dynasty. Later, the Northern Han Dynasty basically unified the whole country, which gradually ended the chaotic situation.
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