1832 ~ 1837 "On War" by Prussian military theorist C.P.G von clausewitz was published after his death and regarded as a classic of bourgeois military theory. ...
1833 Englishman m Faraday put forward the law of electrolysis. Karl gutzlaff, a British missionary, founded the Monthly Bulletin of East-West Examination Statistics in Guangzhou, which is the first Chinese periodical published by foreigners in China.
1834 Russian German Lengci put forward the principle of "motor generator" and Lenz's law. Germany published the first publishing periodical "Book Industry" in the West.
1835 ~ 19 10 American novelist Mark Twain wrote Running for Governor, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, etc.
1836 The Arc de Triomphe was built in Paris, France. It is a large-scale memorial building in France in the19th century and the largest Arc de Triomphe in the world. Danish archaeologist C.J. Thomson put forward the theory that the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age were three prehistoric stages, which laid the foundation for prehistoric archaeological research. ...
1836? ~ 1839 the first stage of the constitutional movement ...
1838 A Comte, a French positivist philosopher and sociologist, put forward the word "sociology" for the first time in the fourth volume of his book A Course in Positivism Philosophy, which marked the beginning of sociology. ...
1838 ~ 1839 German botanist M.J. Schleiden and zoologist T.A.H Schwann published the Theory of Phytogenesis and Microscopic Study on the Structure and Growth Consistency of Animals and Plants respectively, and jointly established the cell theory. ...
1839 French L.J.M Daguerre created the "silver plate photography" and photography began. On June 3rd, Lin Zexu destroyed opium collected in Humentan.
Realism in literature and art replaced romanticism in Europe since 1930s.
65438+In 1930s and 1940s, barbizon school appeared in France, creating French rural landscape paintings with national characteristics. ...
1840 Swedish J.L.R Agassi proposed that there was an ice age climate in the history of the earth's climate. Britain issued the stamp "Black Penny" for the first time in the world, and implemented the postage system. In June, Britain launched the Opium War against China.
The second stage of the constitutional movement ...
1840 ~ 1893 Russian composer Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky was alive and once composed music for famous dance dramas such as Swan Lake. ...
184 1 ... in may, Yishan signed the Guangzhou peace treaty with the British army, and the people in sanyuanli rose up against the British thinker Gong Zizhen.
1842 ... China and Britain signed the treaty of nanking. Wei Yuan completed the 50-volume Atlas of the Ocean.
A sunspot cycle of about 10 years was found in Schwabe. Frenchman M.I. brunell drilled the world's first modern underwater tunnel at the bottom of the Thames. 10 In June, China and Britain signed the Humen Treaty.
1844 ... In July, China and the United States signed the Wang Xia Treaty, 10, and China and France signed the Huangpu Treaty.
1844 ~ 1845 French writer Dumas' novels three musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo and Twenty Years Later were published one after another. ...
1845 British R.W. Thomson obtained a patent for pneumatic tires. Decades later, 1 1 month was used for bicycles and automobile tires, and the Shanghai Land Lease Charter was concluded, and foreign countries established concessions in China.
1845 ~ 1846 The publication of the Outline on Feuerbach and German Ideology, co-authored by German Marx and Engels, marks the formation of Marxist philosophy. ...
1846 The British Parliament abolished corn laws, which marked the establishment of British free trade policy. Two years later, the Navigation Act was abolished and free trade replaced trade protection. R.M. Huo of the United States invented the rotary printing press, Caleb of Germany discovered Neptune, and W.T.G Morton of the United States successfully operated with ether anesthesia. Since then, anesthesia has been rapidly popularized. ...
1846 ~ 185 1 USA e. Hao obtained the patent of curve sewing machine; I.M. Shengjia Company designed and manufactured this sewing machine, and the mass production of sewing machine began. ...
1847 german scientist H.L.F von Helmholtz published a paper on the conservation of force, which contributed to the law of conservation and transformation of energy and later developed into the first law of thermodynamics. ...
The publication of the Manifesto of the Productive Party co-authored by Marx and Engels in Germany marked the birth of Marxism. ...
1848 ~ 1852 There was a revolution in Europe. ...
1849 ~ 185 1 British archaeologist A.H. Layard discovered a large number of artistic treasures and cuneiform characters in the library of the new Assyrian king when he excavated Nineveh, the capital of the ancient new Assyrian empire in Mosul, Iraq, which caused a sensation in Europe. ...
1850 ~ 1859 Modern suits appear in Europe. By the 1990s, the styles of suits were basically stereotyped. ...
1850 ~ 1893 French novelist Mo Bosang wrote suicide ball, necklace, good friend, etc.
185 1 Bonaparte coup in louis napoleon, France J.B.L Foucault used pendulum experiment to prove that the Crystal Palace was built in Britain and is one of the pioneering works of modern architecture. The first World Expo was held in London, England on June 5438+1October 1 1. China Hong Xiuquan led a Zoroastrian uprising in Jintian Village, Guiping, Guangxi.
1852 British sociologist H. Spencer's paper "Evolution Hypothesis" was published, and the idea of social evolution was put forward for the first time. The novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by American writer Mrs. Stowe was published in 65438+ 10, and Zhang Lexing, the China Nianjun, revolted in Anhui.
1853 After the Crimean War, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom promulgated the Land System of China.
1856 Britain used the Yarrow incident as an excuse to launch the Second Opium War, and France used the Mashenpu incident as an excuse to launch the Second Opium War.
1857 the economic crisis broke out in Britain, affecting the United States, France, Germany and other countries, forming the first world capitalist economic crisis. ...
1857- 1859 Indian national uprising ...
1858 ... China and Russia signed the Aihui Treaty; In June, Russia, the United States, Britain and France forced the Qing court to sign the Tianjin Treaty.
1859 the first volume of Marx's critique of political economy was published, which systematically discussed the theory of labor value and commodity currency. Darwin's Origin of Species was published in Britain. ...
1860 the first refinery was put into production in Pennsylvania, USA. In June of 5438+00, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and burned the Yuanmingyuan. I V signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain, France and Russia respectively.
1860 ~ 1904 Russian novelist Chekhov is alive, and his representative works include The Chameleon, The Man in the Trap and Uncle Vanya.
186 1 Russia 186 1 Reform began, the tsar signed a decree to abolish serfdom, serfs were liberated from top to bottom in 65438+February, Zeng Guofan founded Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, and the Westernization Movement began.
186 1 ~ 1865 American civil war happened. ...
1861~1941Tagore, an Indian poet and writer, wrote a collection of poems, such as Gitanjali, during his lifetime.
1862 the United States promulgated the homestead act and the emancipation proclamation. Swedish I Nobel and his son A.B. Nobel set up a factory in Hellenborg to produce nitroglycerin as an explosive. Five years later, A.B. Nobel invented Dana explosive, and London built the world's first underground railway. In August, the Wentong Library of Westernization School was established in Beijing to train translators.
1863 ~ 1895 French novelist Verne's Children of Captain Grant, Two Wan Li under the Sea, Mysterious Island and other science fiction novels have been published one after another. ...
1864 On September 28th, International Working Men’s Association (First International) established Tianjing in London, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed.
1866 the first "international conference on anthropology and prehistoric archaeology" was held in Switzerland, marking the formation of paleontology. In August, Zuo established Fuzhou Shipping Bureau in Mawei, Fuzhou.
1867 the publication of the first volume of Marx's das Kapital marks the formation of Marxist economic theory. ...
1868 The Japanese Meiji Restoration, the American Shoal invented the typewriter, and London, England, was the first to set up traffic lights. ...
Chinese history
1853 Nanjing is the capital of Taiping Army.
1854 Taiping Northern Expedition
1856, 10 year123 October, the British army attacked Guangzhou, and the Second Opium War broke out.
Tianjin Treaty 1858
1On June 25th, 859, the Qing army defeated the British and French fleets in Dagukou.
In August 1860, 1, the British and French allied forces attacked Beijing again.
18601October 6, the French army occupied the Yuanmingyuan.
12, occupy Beijing.
18, the British army burned Yuanmingyuan.
65438+1Beijing Treaty on October 24th and 25th.
1 65438+1October1,the allies retreated.
1864 Pacify the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The Westernization Movement began in 1865.
1868 nian army rebellion was put down.
Japanese invasion of Taiwan Province.
1884- 1885 sino-French war
1888, Beiyang Navy was established, the first national flag of China appeared, and the Summer Palace was renovated.
Beiyang fleet 189 1 Visit to Japan.
1August 8941-1June 895101October 2 1 Sino-Japanese War.