Historically, Nanjing has benefited and suffered from its unique geographical location and extraordinary geomantic scenery. In the past, Nanjing suffered many military disasters, but it also rebuilt its prosperity from the ruins many times. When China was occupied by foreigners and the Han nationality was about to suffer extinction, the Han nationality usually chose Nanjing to recuperate and aspire to the Northern Expedition and restore China. Daming and the success of the second Northern Expedition in the Republic of China; In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xiao Liang and Liu Song were defeated in the Northern Expedition. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, all the ministers talked about taking Jiankang as the capital to restore the Central Plains. They regretted that Song Gaozong had no intention of the Northern Expedition and decided to go to Lin 'an, but forced by public opinion, they decided to make Jinling the capital. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom takes Nanjing as its capital, and it also takes the expulsion of alien rule as one of its mobilization bases and legitimacy. Therefore, Nanjing is regarded as the revival place of the Han nationality and has a special position and value in the history of China. Therefore, after comparing the four ancient capitals of Chang 'an, Luoyang, Jinling and Yanjing, Mr. Zhu said: "These four metropolitan cities are rich in literature, handsome in people, beautiful in mountains and rivers and magnificent in weather, which is closely related to the national crisis, especially Jinling."
Nanjing100-1200,000 years ago, there were ancient human activities, and apes lived here more than 350,000-600,000 years ago. The Nanjing ape-man fossils unearthed from Tangshan Paleolithic Cultural Site are an important discovery of world significance in the archaeological field of China. Two species were found in the same place, and Nanjing is the only one in the world, which provides a strong basis for the theory of human origin in many places. China people did not originate in Africa.
About 7000-8000 years ago, primitive Neolithic villages, represented by Beiyinying culture, appeared, and agricultural civilization has emerged in Qixia area today. More than 200 Neolithic sites dating back more than 6,000 years have been discovered in Yinyangying, north of Gulou Gang, and Qimiao, Taowu Township, Jiangning District. 4000 years ago, there were dense primitive settlements in the Qinhuai River basin, which were called lake-cooked culture, and the earliest cities in Nanjing were formed on the basis of these settlements.
3 100 years ago, Nanjing was the fief of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 57 1 BC, the state of Chu had established Tangyi in Liuhe, which was the earliest place in Nanjing and the beginning of the construction of Nanjing. By 2020, it will be 259 1 year. In 54 1 year BC, the state of Wu built the city of Laizhu in Gaochun, which was also called the ancient city because of its solidity. Around 495 BC, Wu built a smelting city in Chaotian Palace. In 473 BC, when Wu was destroyed, there was a city crossing on the long trunk outside Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, when the State of Chu perished, Xiong Shang wanted to use the Yangtze River moat in Nanjing as a barrier to plot the world and build Jinling City in stone, hence the name Jinling.
In 229, Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, established his capital here. Since then, the rise of Nanjing has separated the political center of China from the pattern of the Yellow River cultural plate, leading the development of the Yangtze River basin and the whole southern China. Since then, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties have successively established their capitals here, so Nanjing is known as the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties". Today, there is the site of Jiankang City under Nanjing Library and Six Dynasties Museum. Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties occupies an important position in the history of China's capital development, which is the first precedent for the symmetrical layout of the central axis. Its plane layout and architectural form have a far-reaching impact on later generations, deeply affecting East Asian countries. Taicheng, the Forbidden City in the Six Dynasties, was imitated by the capitals of the Northern Wei Dynasty and East Asian countries, connecting the Qin and Han Dynasties with the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which profoundly influenced the shape of capital construction in later generations.
Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population of over one million. It is the first city in the world with a population of over one million. China ancient culture was preserved in Nanjing by the Han nationality through the southern crossing of Yiguan. During the Six Dynasties, Jiankang City and Rome City were both called "the two centers of world classical civilization", and the culture of the Southern Dynasties represented by Jiankang had a far-reaching influence in human history. During the Six Dynasties, the East China Sea route of the Maritime Silk Road centered on Nanjing was officially opened. Nanjing Shitoujin, as an international dock connecting the Yangtze River and the sea, once berthed tens of thousands of Chinese and foreign ships, and there was a prosperous scene of "four seas circulating, the world meeting" and "ships following the road, businessmen making friends". Nanjing has become an important central city of China's Maritime Silk Road.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Nanjing was deliberately belittled by the north, but its geographical advantages made Nanjing's economy and culture develop continuously and vigorously. Poets such as Li Bai, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu and Li Shangyin have lived and visited here. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the Southern Tang Dynasty made Jinling its capital and expanded the city. There have been wars in the north, but since Yang Wu, there has been no major war in China for more than 70 years. There are many markets on both sides of Qinhuai River, and economic prosperity is accompanied by cultural development. Poetry, calligraphy and painting have created a generation of wind.
Nanjing in Song Dynasty was the political, economic and cultural center of southeast China. Wang Anshi, a politician in the Northern Song Dynasty, served as the magistrate of Jiangning for three times and lived here for the rest of his life. 1 129 was renamed Jiankang House, which is the capital of Jiangnan East Road. 1 138 decided to make Jiankang the capital. Yue Fei, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, once defeated the Jin army in Niushoushan, Nanjing, and there are remnants of his old anti-Jin base.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Nanjing became the resident of Yushitai, supervising the southeast provinces, commanding the southeast provinces, and being in charge of the supervision affairs of the ten provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangzhou. As the center of China textile industry, there are more than 6,000 professional craftsmen in the city, and Nanjing Yunjin has become a royal product.
1356, Zhu Yuanzhang captured Nanjing and changed to Tianfu. The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1368, with Nanjing as its capital. Nanjing once again became the political, economic and cultural center of China. In the early Ming Dynasty, Shi Jing had a population of more than 700,000, which was the largest and most populous city in China at that time and the largest city in the world. Nanjing Ming City Wall took 27 years to build, and it is the largest city wall in the world.
1402, Judy launched the battle of Jingnan, seized the throne of Wen Jian, and proclaimed herself emperor in Nanjing. From 65438 to 0405, Nanjing was the decision-making place, shipbuilding base and departure port of Zheng He's seven voyages to the West. Zheng He set sail from Nanjing Longjiang Pass (now Xiaguan Pass) and began his first voyage. 142 1 year, Judy moved the capital to Beijing, changed Nanjing to stay as the capital, set up six Nanjing departments and other institutions, and implemented the dual-Beijing system. Yingtianfu (Nanjing) and Shuntianfu (Beijing) are collectively called the second Beijing government.
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, Nanjing had a population of 6,543.8+200,000, making it the largest capital city in the world. During the Wanli period, Matteo Ricci, a western missionary, wrote in Matteo Ricci's Story after visiting China: "Seeing this great city is dazzling? Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty was extremely magnificent, comparable to/kloc-any largest capital in Europe in the 6th century. Wu Hong, the founding emperor of this dynasty, made it a miracle, and everything seen in the East could not be compared. " Since the late Ming Dynasty, Nanjing has been the political, economic and cultural center of the south and even the whole country.
1644 After Zhu Youjian was martyred, Zhu Yousong was established in Nanjing and Nanming was established. 1645 After the Qing army captured Nanjing, it cancelled its status as the capital city, changed Tianfu to jiangning house, and made it the capital city of jiangnan province, and became the headquarters of the Governor of Liangjiang, which was in charge of the military and political affairs of Jiangsu (including Shanghai), Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. During the period of Kang Yong, Nanjing was one of the top ten cities with a population of one million in the world. Jiangning Weaving Institute, a large organization established in Nanjing, produces silk products that meet the royal demand, and the scale of Nanjing silk industry ranks first in the country.
1842 After the Opium War, the Qing government signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, on a British warship on the Xiaguan River in Nanjing, and the modern history of China began. 1853, the Taiping Army conquered Nanjing, established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and renamed Tianjing, 1 1 year as its capital. This is the first peasant war in the history of China, which rose in the south and spread all over China. It is also an unprecedented peasant war in the history of the world.
On February 29th, 19 1 165438, representatives from all provinces elected Sun Yat-sen as interim president in Nanjing, and the Republic of China was founded. 19 12 On New Year's Day, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing. 1April 927 18 Nanjing National Government was established, with Nanjing as the capital and Nanjing as the capital special city. From 1927 to 1937, Nanjing was called the golden decade of China. During this period, Nanjing carried out large-scale capital construction, which laid a good foundation for the development of modern cities in Nanjing. By 1936, the urban population of Nanjing had increased to more than1000000, making it one of the six largest cities in China. 1937 12 13, Nanjing fell, and the Japanese army carried out a large-scale massacre in Nanjing and its vicinity for more than 40 days, known as the Nanjing Massacre in history. 1945 At 9: 00 on September 9th, the surrender ceremony of China Theater in World War II was held in the auditorium of Nanjing Central Army Military Academy, and Japan declared its unconditional surrender. 1946 In May, the National Government was still the capital of Nanjing.
1April 23, 949, Nanjing was liberated and was a municipality directly under the central government in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1952 In September, Nanjing municipality was merged with the administrative regions of southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu to form Jiangsu Province. 1 953 65438+1October1,the People's Government of Jiangsu Province was established, and Nanjing became the capital of Jiangsu Province. 1February, 1994, the central government made it clear that the administrative level of Nanjing was sub-provincial.
2. Nanjing famous snacks: duck blood vermicelli soup, Nanjing salted duck, Nanjing steamed buns and Nanjing spiced beans.