Historical knowledge about the Yellow River I
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. Originated in the Yuegu Zonglie Basin at the northern foot of Bayankala in Qinghai Plateau, it winds eastward, crosses the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5464 kilometers, and the water level drop is 4480 meters. The total basin area is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of internal flow area).
According to the study of geological evolution history, the Yellow River is a relatively young river. In the late Early Pleistocene, 1 15000 years ago, there were only some unconnected lake basins in the basin, each of which formed an independent internal water system. Since then, with the uplift of the western plateau, rivers have been eroded and eroded. After the Middle Pleistocene of 654.38+0.05 million years, lakes and basins have been gradually connected, forming the embryonic form of the Yellow River system. It was not until the Late Pleistocene (654.38+ 10,000 years ago) that the Yellow River gradually evolved into a big river running up and down from the source to the estuary. Legends about the Yellow River:
Legend of the Yellow River: Dayu Harnesses Water? Ancient floods flooded. In order to make people live a stable life, Shun Di sent Dayu to control water. Dayu has been away for thirteen years. Three passes through the house and does not enter? The first time was one morning four years later. Dayu approached the door and heard his mother's scolding and his son's crying. He wants to go in and persuade him, but he is afraid that he will make his mother more angry. He kept nagging, delayed water control, and quietly walked away. After 67 years of water control, Dayu passed through the house for the second time. At noon that day, as soon as Dayu boarded the hill at home, he saw the smoke from the chimney at home and heard the laughter of mother and son. Dayu was relieved. In order to control water, he spared his family and rushed to the construction site. One evening three or four years later, Dayu came to his house for water control. Suddenly it began to rain cats and dogs, and Dayu came to shelter from the rain under the eaves of his house. He only heard his mother say to his son, Your father will go home when the flood is cured. ? Dayu was very moved, strengthened his determination to control water, and immediately turned around and set off again.
Historical knowledge of the Yellow River II
The middle and lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River had mild climate and abundant rainfall, which was suitable for primitive human survival. The loess plateau and the alluvial plain of the Yellow River have loose soil and are easy to cultivate, which is suitable for developing primitive agriculture and animal husbandry. The characteristics of loess are beneficial for our ancestors to dig holes and live together. The special natural geographical environment provided good conditions for the development of ancient civilization in China. As early as 165438+ million years ago, Lantian people? Living in the Yellow River valley. What else is there? Dali people? 、? Dingcun people? 、? Hetao people? And so on are also thriving in the basin. Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and many other ancient cultural sites are spread all over the country. These ancient cultural relics are not only numerous and complete in variety, but also developing from far to near, systematically demonstrating the development process of ancient civilization in China.
As early as more than 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the Yellow River Basin. About 4000 years ago, the Yellow River Basin was formed.
There are some blood tribes in the history of the Yellow River, among which Yan Di and Huangdi are the most powerful tribes. Later, the Yellow Emperor gained the status of leader and merged with other tribes to form? Chinese nation? . Later generations regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. In xinzheng city, Henan Province, where the Yellow Emperor was born, there is a palace of the Yellow Emperor. Chinese people all over the world regard the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation and call it? Mother river? For what? Four shames? Take the yellow land for yourself? Root? .
Historical knowledge of the Yellow River III
As early as more than 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the Yellow River Basin. About 4000 years ago, some blood tribes formed in the Yellow River valley, among which Yan Di and Huangdi were the most powerful tribes. Later, the Yellow Emperor gained the status of leader and merged with other tribes to form? Chinese nation? . Later generations regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. In xinzheng city, Henan Province, where the Yellow Emperor was born, there was The Yellow Emperor's Palace. Chinese people all over the world regard the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation and call it? Mother river? For what? Four shames? Take the yellow land for yourself? Root? .
From the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, in the historical period of more than 4,000 years, the dynasties established their capital in the Yellow River basin for more than 3,000 years. In the history of China? Seven ancient capitals? There are four in the Yellow River Basin and its adjacent areas: Anyang, Xi 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions remains in Yindu (which belonged to the Yellow River valley at that time), creating a precedent for written records in China. Xi 'an (including Xianyang), from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, has 13 dynasties as its capital, with a history of thousands of years. Which one is famous? Eight waters imperial city? .
After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, Hou Liang and the Hou Zhou all established their capitals in Luoyang, which lasted for more than 900 years. Ancient capital of nine dynasties? . Kaifeng, located on the south bank of the Yellow River, was called Bianliang in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wei Huiwang moved its capital to Daliang, and the capital was established here in the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted about 200 years. For a long time, the political, economic and cultural center of China has been in the Yellow River Basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the earliest areas for the development of science, technology, literature and art in China.
Around 2000 BC, bronzes appeared in the Yellow River valley, and the bronze smelting technology of Shang Dynasty reached a fairly high level, and iron smelting began to appear at the same time, marking the development of productive forces to a new stage. The shovel and iron axe unearthed in Luoyang after a series of treatments show that China developed the softening technology of cast iron more than 2000 years earlier than European countries.
Ancient China? The four great inventions, papermaking, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder, all originated in the Yellow River basin. A large number of literary classics, from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song poetry, and a large number of cultural classics are also produced here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity gradually shifted to the south. However, in the process of political, economic and cultural development in China, the Yellow River basin and the plain areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are still in an important position. The long history of the Yellow River basin has left a very precious legacy to the Chinese nation, leaving countless places of interest. The Yellow River is the pride of our nation.
Harnessing the Yellow River and building water conservancy have a long history. In the early Warring States period, large-scale water diversion and irrigation projects began to appear in the Yellow River basin. In 422 BC, Ximen Bao built twelve canals by imperial edict, leading to Zhanghe River, a tributary of the Yellow River at that time, to irrigate farmland. In 246 BC, Qin built the Zheng Guoqu in Shaanxi and irrigated more than 40,000 hectares of land with Jinghe water? Brine land? ,? So Guan Zhong is Woye, and there is no fierce year. Qin Fuqiang died as a vassal? . It played an important role in the process of Qin's unification of China.
The Han Dynasty paid more attention to farmland water conservancy, built six auxiliary canals and white canals, and expanded the irrigation area of Zheng Guoqu. At the same time, Guo Cheng Canal and Lingbi Canal were built on the Weihe River, and Guanzhong area became the earliest economic zone in China.
In order to consolidate the frontier, the policy of reclaiming farmland and guarding the frontier was implemented from Qin and Han dynasties. In the Huangshui River Basin and the Ningmeng Hetao Plain along the Yellow River, ditches were opened to irrigate fields, turning a large desert into a green state. Did you win? Trapped in Jiangnan? Great.
Historical knowledge of the Yellow River 4
In order to ensure the supply of Kyoto such as Chang 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng, the water transport development in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has a long history.
Dayu's achievements in harnessing water include harnessing the Yellow River, where he can be seen almost everywhere? Magic job? . After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the documentary records of river regulation gradually increased, and a large number of precious historical materials were preserved.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, dikes were generally built in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. In 65 BC1year, Qi Huangong, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period? Will the princes be in Kwai Qiu? , put forward? No bending defense? Class, to solve the dispute between the vassal states to build dikes. In the long historical period since then, with the frequent flooding and diversion of the Yellow River, defending against the Yellow River floods has become a major event of successive dynasties, and a lot of manpower and financial resources have been invested to continuously block the mouth and repair the defense. During the western Han dynasty, there were special? Riverbank messenger? 、? River bank? Like other official positions, county officials along the river have the responsibility to defend the riverbank, and there are thousands of full-time riverbank guards. In ten counties along the river, the annual dike management cost is 100 million yuan? The river defense project has reached a considerable scale. According to Hanshu? According to Gou, the Yellow River formed at Qishuikou (now southwest of hua county). Surface river? , dike body? Four or five feet tall? (about 9~ 1 1 m), and the dike is also very high.
Historical records? According to the Hequ book, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered 109 BC? Renji and Guo Chang sent tens of thousands of people to block scorpions. And personally led officials to the scene to participate in the interception, indicating that the interception of the Yellow River is already a quite huge project. The earliest large-scale river regulation project recorded in history books was in AD 69? River of Wang Jing? ,? In the twelfth year of Yongping, it was proposed to build a tribute? ,? So he sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers to build dike canals with Wang, and traveled thousands of miles from Xingyang to Haikou. . ? In the summer and April of the thirteenth year of Yongping, it became a canal? Zhao Yue: Today, since we built dikes, regulated canals, cut off water, built gates, diverted water, and restored the traces of the past? . ? Although the scene saves the service fee, it still costs tens of billions. . The invasion of the Yellow River south was curbed, and the water transport in the side canal was resumed, which achieved good results.
Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was seriously flooded by the Yellow River. The Song Dynasty attached great importance to river management, and set up a water superintendent with greater authority to be responsible for river management. Local officials along the river attach importance to river affairs, and set up river bank judges in each state to be responsible for river affairs. The imperial court was very important and participated in the debate on river regulation strategy. During this period, the problem of river regulation has aroused many people's discussion, deepened their understanding of the situation and water situation of the Yellow River, and made great progress in river engineering technology. In particular, Wang Anshi presided over the mechanical dredging of rivers, diverting water from the Yellow River and developing silt irrigation, and made many innovations in river management technology.
After the Ming Dynasty, with the development of social economy and the aggravation of the flood disaster of the Yellow River, the imperial court paid more attention to river management, and the river management institutions were gradually improved. In the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry was in charge of river management, and the river was directly responsible. Later, the title of military affairs was added to the river, and the army could be directly commanded. Local officials below the governor of the provinces along the Yangtze River are also responsible for river management, and gradually strengthen the unified management of downstream river affairs.
In the Qing dynasty, the governor of the river channel had greater authority and was directly ordered by the court. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the river regulation made great progress, and the technology of dike maintenance and management made great progress. A group of effective river regulation experts, represented by Pan Jixun and Jin Fu, emerged. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, wars continued, the national government declined, and river management was at a standstill. In modern times, water conservancy experts, represented by Zhang and Zhang, strongly advocated the introduction of western advanced technology and studied the comprehensive management strategy of the Yellow River, but it was always difficult to make achievements due to the constraints of social and economic cooperation.