(A) the rise and development of capitalism

1. Establishment and expansion of handicraft workshops: After the opening of the new sea route, Britain became the Atlantic shipping center, the wool spinning industry developed rapidly, and handicraft workshops were established. And extended to coal mining, ironmaking and other fields.

2. The enclosure movement is a capitalist transformation movement aimed at agriculture, which has changed the land ownership and management mode. Developed agriculture, accumulated primitive capital and created a large number of free labor. Greatly promoted the development of British capitalism.

3. Overseas trade, colonial plunder and slave trade are the main contents of British businessmen's overseas activities in the16th century, which are conducive to the accumulation of original capital.

4. The measures taken by Tudor dynasty to strengthen autocratic rule were in line with the development of capitalism, which objectively provided favorable conditions for the development of capitalism. (1) After the Reformation in 65438+6th century, the King of England became the supreme head of the Church of England and no longer belonged to the Pope. The reform dealt a heavy blow to the Catholic Church and weakened and restricted the old feudal forces. (2) Encouraging industry and commerce and overseas plunder not only enhances national strength, but also protects the primitive accumulation of capital, and promotes the development of capitalist economy and the growth of bourgeois forces. (3) 1588 defeated the Spanish armada and began to establish maritime hegemony. /kloc-colonized India and North America at the beginning of the 0/7th century.

5./kloc-In the first half of the 7th century, the autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty hindered the further development of capitalism and infringed upon the interests of the bourgeoisie. (It became the root cause of the British bourgeois revolution): James I and Charles I practiced autocracy under the idea of "divine right of monarchy", which greatly harmed the interests of the bourgeoisie; Under the religious autocracy, the severe treatment of non-Christians, especially the persecution of Puritans among them, caused political tension. Because the Puritans' opposition to feudal restrictions and their desire to achieve economic prosperity just met the needs of the bourgeoisie, the Puritans' thoughts became the ideological weapon of the bourgeoisie and new noble's anti-feudal struggle. )

(B) the British bourgeois revolution and the establishment of the capitalist system

1640, the bourgeoisie joined forces with the upstarts to lead the broad masses of people. Under the sharp social contradictions, after the parliamentary struggle, civil war, the establishment of the Republic, Cromwell's military dictatorship, the restoration of the Stuart dynasty (1660) and the "1688 coup", the revolution was finally completed after half a century of tortuous struggle. For example, in 1689, the bourgeoisie and upstarts used their rights in parliament to pass the bill of rights and establish a constitutional monarchy; From 17 to 18, the cabinet system and the two-party system were gradually established. The establishment and development of the capitalist system provided the necessary preconditions for the industrial revolution.

At that time, especially under the situation that the feudal system in Europe was gradually declining and the development and growth of capitalism had become an irreversible historical trend, the British revolution reflected the requirements of the whole world to a great extent. As an important and influential country in Europe, Britain took the lead in completing this transformation and transition, which provided an example for the bourgeois revolution in Europe in theory and practice. Since then, some countries in Europe and other regions have carried out different forms of revolution under its influence, bringing the world into a new era. Therefore, the British bourgeois revolution marks the arrival of a new historical period.

(3) The establishment of world colonial hegemony (1from the middle of the 7th century to the end of the 8th century)

At this stage, colonial expansion was carried out in Asia and North America, and fierce competition was launched with the Netherlands and France. Through three Anglo-Dutch wars (respectively1652-1654; 1665- 1667; 1672- 1674), the Netherlands captured the new Dutch colony in North America (later renamed new york) and further established its maritime hegemony, while the Netherlands lost its position as a European power.

The "Seven Years' War" (1756- 1763) was the final contest between Britain and France for Indian and North American colonies. As a result, France lost large colonies in North America such as Canada and New France, and only kept strongholds such as local governance in India. At this point, Britain finally established its colonial hegemony in the world and dominated Europe.

(d) The rapid development of capitalism during the British Industrial Revolution (from1mid-8th century to1mid-9th century)

(See related pages for conditions of industrial revolution)

1, from the 1960s of 18 to the 40s of 19, from the invention and use of new machines in the cotton textile sector to the appearance of machine manufacturing, Britain took the lead in carrying out and completing the industrial revolution, becoming the first industrial country and "world factory" in the world, and its strength reached its peak. The industrial revolution has greatly promoted the rapid development of social productive forces and capitalist industries. At the same time, it has caused great changes in the social structure, and society is increasingly divided into two opposing classes-the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

With the development of capitalist industry, the bourgeoisie has gradually developed. On the one hand, they are dissatisfied with the feudal autocracy under the Vienna system, demanding more participation in the political life of the country and actively launching liberal reforms and revolutionary movements for political rights. For example, in 1832, Britain carried out parliamentary reform, and the bourgeoisie gained more rights through peaceful means. On the other hand, in order to consolidate and strengthen its political and economic status, the bourgeoisie strongly opposes state intervention in economic life and demands further contact with feudal shackles to realize free competition, free operation and free trade. 1776 The publication of The Wealth of Nations marked a major shift in economic policy from traditional protectionism to "free competition".

3. The industrial bourgeoisie is increasingly opposed to the proletariat, with sharp contradictions. The constitutional movement from 65438 to 0836 was the product of the intensification of this contradiction, which marked that the British proletariat began to enter the political arena as an independent force.

4. In order to meet the needs of industrial development and bourgeoisie, we should seize the origin of raw materials and expand the commodity market by establishing colonies and semi-colonies. For example,/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, it completely occupied India and occupied Singapore; Launched two Opium Wars to invade China and occupy Hongkong, making China a semi-colony. In Oceania, there are Australia and New Zealand; In Africa, British troops infiltrated Egypt; In Latin America, we stepped up our economic aggression against new countries.

During this period, in order to prevent France from dominating Europe, Britain organized an anti-French alliance to interfere in the French Revolution. The independence of the United States made Britain lose 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America and New France, which were established in the early17th century and 1930s.

Annex 1: national symbols such as the British flag.

Country name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

National flag: it is a horizontal rectangle with an aspect ratio of 2:1. This is a "meter" flag, which consists of a dark blue background and red and white "meters". The red cross with a white border in the national flag represents St George, the patron saint of England, St Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland and St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. This flag was made in 180 1, and it was formed by overlapping the original English white red plus ten flags, the Scottish blue and white cross flag and the Irish white red cross flag.

National anthem: "God Bless the Queen" (if the incumbent is a male monarch, the national anthem is changed to "God Bless the King").

National emblem: the national emblem of Britain. The central pattern is a coat of arms, and the upper left corner and lower right corner of the shield are three golden lions with a red background, symbolizing England; In the upper right corner is a red lion standing on the golden ground, symbolizing Scotland; In the lower left corner is the golden harp on the blue ground, symbolizing Ireland. On both sides of the coat of arms are a lion wearing a crown representing England and a unicorn representing Scotland. There is a motto written in French around the coat of arms, which means "evil is rewarded with evil, and evil with evil"; There is a guardian medal hanging at the bottom, and the ribbon says "God has God, I have rights". At the top of the coat of arms is a gold and silver helmet inlaid with jewels, an imperial crown and a crowned lion.

National flower: rose

National bird: red-breasted pigeon

National stone: diamond

Science Festival: 183 1 year, held once a year.

Science Week: 1994, held every March.

Appendix 2: Overview of British History

In BC, Iberians, cyclists and Celts from the Mediterranean came to Britain one after another. 1-Southeast England was ruled by the Roman Empire in the 5th century. After the Romans retreated, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Northern Europe invaded and settled in succession. In the 7th century, the feudal system began to form, and many small countries merged into seven kingdoms and competed for hegemony for 200 years, which was called the "Anglo-Saxon era". In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England. It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century, and from 10 16 to 1042, it was a part of the Danish pirate empire. The Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England in 1066 after the short-term rule of the English king. 12 15 King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta and his kingship was suppressed. From 1338 to 1453, Britain and France fought a "hundred-year war", and Britain won first and then lost. 1588 defeated the Spanish "Armada" and established maritime hegemony. /kloc-the bourgeois revolution broke out in 0/640. 1may 649 19 announced the establishment of the Republic. 1660 restored the dynasty, 1668 witnessed a "glorious revolution" and established a constitutional monarchy. England 1707 merged with Scotland, 180 1 merged with Ireland. /kloc-from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 9th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. /kloc-the 0/9th century was the heyday of the British Empire. 19 14 years, the occupied colony was11times larger than the mainland, and it was the first colonial power, claiming to be "imperial". It began to decline after the First World War. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and allowed South Ireland to break away from the rule of 192 1 922 and establish an independent country. 193 1 year promulgated the Westminster act, which forced the autonomous territories to be independent in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the colonial system of the British empire was shaken. In World War II, the economic strength was greatly weakened and the political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. 1973 65438+ 10 joined the European community in October.

Foreign history

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