In fact, the Shanghainese dialect when Shanghai first opened its port is similar to the Shanghainese dialect in Shanghai suburbs such as Songnan, Jiangwan, Fengbang, Meilong, Longhua and Pudong in the 1980s, that is, it is not much different from the so-called "local dialect" and "old Shanghainese dialect". The earliest people who came to Shanghai were Jiangsu and Zhejiang people, especially scholars in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, because the newspaper industry in Shanghai was relatively prosperous at that time, and scholars could make a living by writing articles for newspapers and periodicals. Then the merchants came, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom led the wealthy businessmen in the south of the Yangtze River to flee to the Shanghai Concession. Shanghai's population expanded rapidly and soon became a commercial immigrant city. Language has its own law of development, and the main way to unify it is to use more words in daily life, which is called "common divisor words", so that it will win faster.
The old-school dialect in urban areas refers to the dialect used by the elderly who are born and raised over 75 years old, and the accent of the old Shanghai county, that is, the area west of Huangpu River in Shinan District, shall prevail. Old Shanghai called it "gossip in the city", which is slightly different from Puxi gossip in Xujiahui area in the west, Pudong gossip in the east of Huangpu River and Hongkou gossip in the north, but there is little difference. At present, most Shanghainese call it "local gossip" to distinguish it from the "Shanghai gossip" prevailing in Shanghai, which actually includes urban middle school dialects and new school dialects.
Urban middle school dialect refers to the dialect used by residents aged 30 to 55 in Shanghai, and the pronunciation of residents aged 55 to 75 generally has the characteristics of both the old school and the middle school. The users of new dialects in urban areas are generally under the age of 30. Chinese and the new school are based on the downtown accent. The central city is surrounded by today's elevated inner ring: from Huangpu River in the east, to Zhongshan South Road and Zhongshan South Road in the south, to Zhongshan West Road in the west, and to Zhongshan North Road, Huangxing Road and Zhonghua Road in the north. In recent decades, the population structure in the inner ring is relatively stable. Of course, such marks are more based on the convenience of expression. In fact, urban middle schools and new schools are still distributed outside the inner ring, and they are also very popular in municipal farms and suburban factories. Pudong dialect is the so-called Pudong dialect, which belongs to the branch of Shanghai dialect in the phonology of the old Songjiang mansion in Taihu Lake, Su Hu family and Wu family. There is little difference between Nanhui County, Chuansha County (except along the Yangtze River) and Linsan County (including only the area assigned to Linsan by Nanhui at the beginning of liberation), Chen Xing, Du Xing, Situan Town and Pingan Town in Fengxian District, which is commonly known as "Pudong gossip".
Compared with other nearby phonology, such as the phonology of old Songjiang, old Taicang, Suzhou and Shanghai, Pudong phonology has the following characteristics:
(1) There are seven tones in a single syllable, among which the upper tone is very unstable. Most of the consonants in ancient voiced consonants are now in the rising tone of 1 13, and some of them are in the rising tone of 13.
(2) In the disyllabic tone sandhi, the first word is Yin going up to Yang; The tone sandhi behavior of Yang Shang and Yang Qu is the same. The former rate is the rising tone, and the latter word is the combination of flat tone and rising tone, and the tone sandhi behavior is 22 23.
(3) Is there any sound of uterine contraction? b？ d？ The initials correspond to the initials of "bang", "Duan" and "Jian" in the Middle Ages, without passive P and T. For example, the initials of "Bao", "Dang" and "Jiao" are different from those of Shanghai dialect, old Suzhou government phonology and old Taicang state phonology.
(4) Lip fricatives are generally φ-β-? β-。 The words "Hu", "Hu" and "Wu" of the old people are developed with their lips, while the younger ones are F- and V-? -or Hu-,Hu-, -。 In short, the readers of this group of initials have always been confused in the distribution of words.
(5) Divide the sharp sounds into groups. Jingjing, Mix, Qiu Qiu, Qi Qi.
(6) The entering sounds are rich in rhyme and the categories are very fine. For example, when you open your mouth, you will cry, cry, choke and be thirsty. In addition, pen ≠ wall, vertical ≠ particle.
(7) The combination of Grain Rain's oral knowledge, photos and Japanese vowels is Y, such as "book", "tree" and "ru".
(8)φ- and β-can't follow -oy, o? The two rhymes are put together, but the ancient characters are not combined. Today it is pronounced as hoη (wind), hoη (seam) and ho? (Fu), huh? (5), so bee = roast, phoenix = red. The traditional scope of Jinshan dialect is as follows:
Jinshan District and Fengxian District, Jiashan County and Pinghu County of Zhejiang Province border Jinshan in the west.
The language hierarchy is as follows:
Sino-Tibetan language family->; China family-> Wu Yu-> Taihu film-> Su Xiaopin-> Jinshan dialect
Jinshan dialect is the dialect with the least population in Shanghai. Some people even think that Jinshan dialect is a branch of Songjiang dialect, but it is still very different from Songjiang dialect, so it is classified as an independent dialect and cannot communicate with other dialects in Shanghai. If Jinshan people marry Jiading people, it is absolutely no joke, and the language can't communicate with each other, so they can only communicate in Shanghai dialect or Mandarin. Although not many people speak it, it is a relatively stable dialect except Chongming dialect because it is less influenced by urban areas and other places. The first language of many children is Jinshan dialect. Jinshan dialect should be protected, and the protection of dialect should be regarded as the protection of cultural resources. According to statistics, there are 27 initials in Shanghai. The number of initials in the suburbs of Shanghai is different from that in the urban area. For example, there are 34 initials in Songjiang and 32 initials in Jinshan. Most areas in Shanghai do not distinguish between sharp group sounds, but Pudong, Jinshan, Jiading, Qingpu and Baoshan in the suburbs of Shanghai can distinguish between sharp group sounds.
The following is a list of initials in the old Shanghai dialect: the number of vowels in Shanghai dialect is 4 1. Songjiang, Jinshan and Chongming in the suburbs of Shanghai have 50, 52 and 55 vowels respectively.
The following is the vowel table of the old Shanghai dialect: Shanghai dialect has a voiced sound, so on the basis of the ancient four tones, it is clear and voiced, and divided into yin and yang.
There are seven tones in Shanghai dialect, which are based on the four tones and eight tones of Wu dialect, and are merged from Yang Shang and Yang Qu.
The oldest Shanghainese dialect can reach eight, and many areas such as Songjiang and Chongming in the suburbs of Shanghai are still eight tones.
However, the tone of the new Shanghai dialect is still in a state of integration. For example, some people's Yang Shu tones are merging, and due to the rapid changes brought about by population integration, the representativeness and characteristics of Wu dialect are increasingly lost. The tone of Shanghai dialect tends to develop to stress, which makes the free change of tone reading in Shanghai dialect quite extensive. For example, a falling tone reading of' 53'' 51'552' will not affect the listening sense, and a flat tone reading will not affect the understanding. With the disyllabic and disyllabic words in vocabulary and grammar becoming the mainstream, Shanghai dialect evolved to the "Yan" tone in Wu dialect at the fastest speed, and later words lost their independent tone, weakened their cohesive force and became inflected words again. In addition, the function of prefix is only one high and one low or one low and one high, and the pronunciation of phonetic symbols in Shanghai dialect stream has become like Japanese pronunciation. In the stream of Shanghai dialect, there are two relatively stable phonemes, one is the initial consonant and the other is the pre-word tone. These two phonemes play an important role in the phonetic stability of Shanghai dialect. "Of course, this may also be due to the tone sandhi phenomenon widely used in Shanghai dialect.