At the beginning of 1911, Yuan Shikai became the first official president of the Republic of China after the temporary president Sun Yat-sen, and was long denounced as "stealing the country". Since it is "stealing", it is originally the owner's. Is it the Qing government? Isn't Yuan Shikai a hero? Is it the provisional government of Sun Yat-sen? However, Yuan's president was conditionally ceded by the revolutionaries represented by Sun. Even surrender is an empty title of a temporary president, and there is not much substance. ) was recognized and agreed by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing. And parliament. Why steal it? Yuan is not a revolutionary, why should he give his great achievements to Sun Yat-sen? The provisional government of the Republic of China established after Wuchang Uprising is an extremely weak grass-roots team. If it hadn't been for Yuan Shikai's pampering and ordering the Beiyang army to attack with all its might, it would have been finished long ago. Yuan Shikai advised the Qing court to abdicate, and Sun Yat-sen made him president, which was a political deal. When the Qing court abdicated, Sun Yat-sen became a founding father instead of washing dishes in exile. Yuan Shikai succeeded in fulfilling his promise by combining hard and soft. Xuan Tong Xun, the nephew of Yulong Dynasty, abdicated as the Empress Dowager and Emperor without land and continued to enjoy a comfortable life in the Forbidden City. Yuan is as courteous and courteous as ever to the master who stepped down from the stage. The fate of Essien Choro's family was very different from that of Tsar Romanov's family five years later, and Tsar Nicholas II's family was brutally executed. Russia is a developed capitalist country in Europe. Romanov Dynasty expanded Russia from a weak, closed and ignorant country to the largest country in the world across Europe and Asia, and made great contributions to Russia. China is a backward medieval country in Asia. In the early days of Aisingiorro family, there was a saying of "Ten Days in Yangzhou" and "Three Slaughters in Jiading". In the middle period, there were cruel and frequent "literary prisons". Selling out the interests of the country's sovereign territory in the later period brought profound disasters to the Chinese nation, and 400 million compatriots hated it and said that they would kill. But the ending is very different. Tsar Nicholas II's family was shot with the consent of ilych the Great, and the Essien Choro family was saved by the "thief" Yuan Shikai. At this point, Yuan Shikai is heroic.
The signing of "Article 21" is another big crime of Yuan. However, the "Twenty-one Articles" originally proposed by Japan are completely different from the "New Covenant between China and Japan" signed later. After Lao Yuan's hard work, Japan had to lower its requirements and delete the clauses that hurt China the most. After the signing of the agreement, Dean Yuan was furious. In order not to forget this hatred, he ordered that the signing date be designated as "National Shame Day". In the negotiation of Article 21, Yuan Shikai always adhered to the principle that the Japanese can compromise and the Japanese can't compare. Taking Manchuria as an example, Yuan Shikai and Zeng Shudu (then State Councilor and Secretary of the Presidential Palace) said: "I will try my best to refuse all requests outside Manchuria. When Manchuria's request was allowed, these points were agreed. I have a way to make him disagree. Not only that, I'll kill him with a carbine! (Zeng Shudu "Twenty-one Insider of My Experience")
After the Russo-Japanese War, Manchuria was already food in Japan's mouth, so it would be selfish to let him spit it out. At the negotiating table, it is not easy for a weak country to keep its existing interests, and it is impossible to get back what it has lost. Isn't that hard for Yuan Shikai? After the signing of the New Covenant between China and Japan, the Japanese were greatly disappointed and humiliated internationally. After Yuan Shikai was forced to sign the revised Article 21, he was on pins and needles for many days. He asked Ding Foyan to write a history of Sino-Japanese negotiation failure, printed 50,000 copies and kept it in Shandong Model Prison. He said to the left and right: "Gou Jian never forgot the shame of meeting Ji and finally defeated Wu." Those aggressive people will lead the sheep naked one day. " By then, this book will be published. "19 15 on may 8th, he made a speech in the State Council attended by all senior officials of Beijing government, which was extremely painful. He said, "... how sad and shameful it is to have to accept the ultimatum from Japan in order to weigh the interests. After this catastrophe, everyone must think it is a great shame to accept Japan's request. We should try our best to refresh our military, political, diplomatic and financial affairs, make plans, set a fixed number of years, make up our minds, and work together with Qi Xin to achieve our goals on time. Then Ambassador Zhu (British Ambassador to China) said that it was still possible for him to bury the first ten years and meet with Japan. If things change, we will forget our shame, and we will not succumb to the strange shame that there is no revenge today. I'm afraid that in ten years, China will be more dangerous than it is today, and the pain of national subjugation is just around the corner. I bear the burden entrusted by the people and will never die. But you are responsible for the prosperity of the country; You are also responsible for the destruction of the country. "
Yuan Shikai wrote an intriguing elegy for himself before he died:
"Make enemies for Japan and watch China rebuild the Republic."
This shows Yuan Shikai's hatred for Japan.
Without Yuan Shikai, the Qing court could not have perished so quickly. Yuan Shikai, from 190 1 to 1908, was a very active figure in the political arena in the late Qing Dynasty. Is a person who is extremely interested in new ideas and new things, and has carried out many modern reforms in his field. It also contributed to the establishment of a constitutional system related to the major policies of the imperial court, and spared no effort to bring a fresh and healthy wind to the declining political situation in the late Qing Dynasty. Some people may say that Yuan Shikai set up a private political group and bribed the Qing prince and other court officials with a lot of money, which made the wind of greed for luxury worse and worse. How can he say that he is healthy and fresh? This is not up to standard. We can't comment on Yuan Shikai without considering the historical background at that time. If Yuan Shikai doesn't do this, he won't live and grow up. The Qing Dynasty, represented by Cixi, was riddled with holes. With one more honest official, Yuan Shikai, the country would be saved? Yuan spent a lot of money, not from looting, but included in the budget of the Qing government to allocate it to the Beiyang minister yamen and the new army, as well as the bad rules of "cutting expenditure" and "deducting military expenses" Yuan is extravagant. "Dare to use money and treat gold as clods." (Hu Sijing's Biography of the Thief of the Country) But I am not rich and greedy. "I don't ask my family to live." (Hu Sijing's The Thief of the Country) It can be said that Yuan used the "silver bullet" as an effective weapon on the political stage, just like Chiang Kai-shek later. After Wuchang's death, Manchu imperial clan refused to abdicate. Yuan gave and Xiao each 3 million taels of silver to intercede and reluctantly agreed to abdicate. The value of this 6 million taels is much better than meeting each other with a sword. If Yuan Shikai surrounded the Forbidden City, he killed the empress dowager, imperial concubine, emperor, prince, county king, Baylor and Beizi. China people will certainly praise more and condemn less. At the beginning of the founding of the Qing Dynasty, didn't they kill the phoenix son and grandson of the Zhu Ming dynasty? Strange to say, Dourgen entered the customs under the banner of "revenge for Ming". To kill and caress the "hooligans", but to the Ming imperial clan who keeps saying that they want to help, they are merciless. No matter whether the son of Chongzhen is true or not, once it is discovered, it will be called false and there is no forgiveness for killing. Will not recognize the Nanming regime. Even Emperor Li Yong, who fled to Myanmar, sent troops to catch him and strangled him with a bowstring. At that time, the Qing court could not have finished without Yuan Shikai's internal worries. Even if we lose the central plains, we can still retreat to the customs. Isn't there a paradise in Shanhaiguan pass, the land of Longxing! Coupled with the intervention of Japan and Russia, Manchukuo was established more than 20 years later. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the revolutionaries regarded Manchu as a foreign regime formed by foreign invasion, and regarded Northeast China as a foreign country. The proposed plan includes "expelling the Tatars". -Three hundred years ago, you came, occupied the Central Plains and ruined the clothes of the Han family. Now it's time to drive you home. Where is your hometown? The land of white mountains and black water.
At that time, the distinction between China people and foreigners was different from that between the five countries. The first thing Sun Yat-sen did after he was elected as the interim president was to offer sacrifices to Ming Taizu to show that he was the successor of the Zhu Ming dynasty. It is a great misfortune for the Chinese nation to really form that situation.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai had a high prestige in the eyes of the whole people, and Sun Yat-sen was slightly inferior. He was accepted by old and new figures. It is generally believed that Yuan Shikai is loyal to his friends, responsible and charming, and he is the only one who can save China. His boss in North Korea, epigraphist, philologist and governor of Hunan, Wu Dayou, praised Yuan Shikai for Li Hongzhang after returning home: "It is said that Zhang Youqiao (Zhang Peilun, Li Hongzhang's son-in-law) is a genius in the world. I thought that the world was not a juvenile firewood, but Yuan Mou. " (Shen Zuxian, Wu Kaisheng's "The Man of Rong 'an") Li Hongzhang's evaluation of this old subordinate is "bloody and loyal, only knowing the British people, taking care of the overall situation and being independent." He also said: "Looking around the room, there is no one like Yuan Shikai."
After meeting Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-sen also praised him. In February of the first year of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen, who resigned as the temporary president of the Republic of China, called Yuan Shikai and said, "Check the history of the world and choose a president. Only Washington is consistent and publicly reappears. My colleagues are deeply fortunate to be the second Washington in the world and the first Washington in the Republic of China. " After receiving a telegram from Yuan Shikai in favor of the republic, Sun Yat-sen said: "The establishment of the Republic of China and the maintenance of the unity of the northern ministries only depend on the people. As the saying goes, heroes make the situation. Gaiwei is also. ..... The old and the new alternate, and Qian Qian has a great opportunity to be raised. Leaving a big legacy will not work. " In a conversation with the reporter of Asia Daily on August 28th 19 12, when the reporter asked, "Mr. Wang doesn't want to be a political power any more, the second president may be hard to find." Sun Yat-sen replied: "It is still appropriate to choose the current President Yuan Gong. In my opinion, all aspects of the current situation must be dealt with, and Yuan Gong has enough experience to deal with this dilemma. Therefore, I said that the second president must be Yuan Gong. Moreover, Yuan Gong is famous for training soldiers. If he is in charge of affairs, his military achievements will be considerable. " On the 29th, Sun Yat-sen telephoned Huang Xing and said, "After arriving in Beijing, Xiangcheng met twice. Regarding various sectors of the industry, he also wants to have a plan, which is not far from each other. As far as national defense and diplomacy are concerned, what we see is similar. As my brother can see, Xiangcheng is in a miserable situation, which is beyond doubt. Zhang Zhenwu case was forced by Li Zhi by urgent telegram, so we had to comply. The central government is in danger and suspicious, and it is even more difficult to reunify the north and the south, unless it matches Li's hope and leads to temporary negligence, so far. Since my brother came here, he has greatly dispelled the opinions of the north. Brother, as soon as you arrive, the southern agitation will stop and reunification will have a satisfactory result. Be sure to come here first and then go to Hunan. " Here, Sun Yat-sen not only persuaded Huang Xing, but also defended Yuan's murder. He also said: "Today's China can only be governed by Xiangcheng."
Sun Yat-sen is like this. Where are the others? After Wuchang Uprising, Li called Yuan Shikai: "Can the Republic of China come back? Help the righteous with the disciples, and those who meet 400 trillion are loyal to the public. In the future presidential election of the Republic of China, it is not difficult to hunt for the first president of the Republic of China. " Huang Xing also said: President Yuan is really the first person today.
Later generations often lament that Yuan Shikai did not become the Washington of China. If Sun Yat-sen hadn't retired, he wouldn't have become Washington. Sun Yat-sen is also self-centered in his bones and can't tolerate others being better than Yuan Shikai. This statement is not to suppress Sun Yangyuan, but it is a pity that history cannot repeat itself. For example, in the early years of the Republic of China, there was a famous case to assassinate the famous journalist Huang. In fact, the assassination was instigated by the American branch of the China Revolutionary Party, which was directly commanded by Lin Sen, the later chairman of the National Government. The order came from Sun Yat-sen, the leader of China Revolutionary Party and the "father of the country" of the Republic of China! However, it made Yuan Shikai bear a big "black pot". It was not until the murderer's conscience discovered the truth before he died that Yuan Shikai, who had been dead for more than 70 years, was cleared of his charges. This incident made me sigh and ponder for a long time! Who can believe that the gentle Mr. Lin Zichao would instigate murder? ! As far as this case is concerned, Sun Yat-sen is not as generous as Yuan Shikai. At this time, Yuan Shi has declared Hongxian monarchy, and Huang can still be regarded as "Emperor of the Chinese Empire"; Sun Yat-sen is in the wild, but there is no room for a reporter. Yuan can win the world, after all, he has his own advantages. Sun Yat-sen has been in exile for more than ten years, holding high the anti-Qing banner, the more frustrated he is, the more he makes public opinion and organizational preparations for overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, and becomes the first anti-Qing. However, the Wuchang Uprising had nothing to do with the League, but was done by the Literary Society and the Progressive Association. After Wuchang Uprising, Li and Huang Xing had no intention of being presidents, but they waited for Yuan Shikai in vain.
The revolutionaries also have some shortcomings in dealing with Yuan Shikai. When Sun Yat-sen became president, the Constitution stipulated the implementation of the American-style presidential system. After Yuan Shikai became president, he changed to the French cabinet system, expanding the power of the cabinet and restricting the president. Song also developed Zhao Bingjun into a national party member and dug poachers into Yuan Shikai's house. Song is going to set up an all-in-one Kuomintang cabinet and be the prime minister himself. The Kuomintang, which has always advocated democracy, freedom and fraternity, also has a special liking for one-party dominance and monopoly. These rash actions deeply angered Yuan Shikai and his subordinates, and laid a curse for the break of the two factions and the demise of the Republic.
In recent years, with the in-depth study of modern history and the gradual declassification of historical archives, the evaluation of Yuan Shikai has also changed a little. It is found that Yuan Shikai, who is "rotten to the core", also has many lovely places, and the real history has gradually surfaced, which is worthy of the satisfaction of Dean Yuan. China's traditional view of history regards "good people" as saints and "bad people" as demons, and mechanically divides people into "gentlemen" and "villains". This simple dichotomy is actually naive knowledge, which seriously hinders our study of history and affects our real understanding of history. Whenever we see overseas historians and sinologists' incisive and original views on the history of China, we can't help feeling ashamed. Why can't we write such a book? Path dependence and traditional thinking are affecting our actions. I think Yuan Shikai is a figure with unique influence and function at the turn of the old and the new. He has made meritorious service and should be treated objectively and fairly, not completely denied. Otherwise, it is not historical materialism.
At this moment, I have an idea: If Yuan Shikai succeeds in sitting on the throne of the great president, he can follow the example of Zhao Kuangyin and Zhu Yuanzhang, have a glass of wine to relieve the military power, set fire to celebrate the building, and then learn the lesson of Sun Yat-sen's assassination and destroy the dissidents. Is it possible that his imperial career will fail? What will China be like? ……
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