Content: Reform internal affairs, develop production and reform the military system.

Results: Qi became powerful and Qi Huangong established hegemony.

3. Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty (omitted), Zhou Shizong's reform in the later Zhou Dynasty (omitted) and Qingli New Deal (omitted).

004, Wang Anshi's political reform (Song Shenzong time 1069)

00① Contents and functions:

00 pounds. Financial management measures

00 pounds. Young crops law → Protect farmers from usury and increase government revenue.

00b, labor raising method → reduced the burden of agricultural officials and ensured the production time.

00c, Farmland Water Conservancy Law → Many water conservancy projects have been built in various places, and many wasteland has become fertile land.

00d, Fangtian tax law → increased the land tax income of feudal countries.

00e, the market is changeable → it is conducive to stabilizing prices and commodity exchange, and increasing national income.

00B, military measures

00a, Garbo Law → Strengthen the control of the people, resist the Liao and Xixia attackers, and reduce military expenditure.

0b. Sun Tzu's Art of War → Strengthen military training and enrich border guards.

00C。 Educational measures

00 pounds. Reform the imperial examination system, cancel the subject of Ming Jing, and take the examination of Confucian classics and current affairs strategies by scholars; Legislation, trial, judgment, etc.

Come on. Rectify imperial academy and rewrite textbooks with Confucian classics; You can be an official directly if you do well in the exam.

00② Effectiveness

The government's fiscal revenue has greatly increased, many water conservancy projects have been built in various places, many wasteland has become fertile land, and military strength has increased, which has reversed the situation of poverty and weakness to a certain extent.

00③ Reasons for failure

00a, improper employment, there have been some phenomena that endanger the people.

00b。 The new law violated the interests of big landlords and bureaucrats to a certain extent and was strongly opposed by them.

In 00c, Song Shenzong's late vacillation and death made the reform lose its important support.

00④ Evaluation

00a Reform was a landlord class reform movement when class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were acute in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was objectively beneficial to social progress and development, but it was impossible to fundamentally get rid of the crisis of feudal rule in the Northern Song Dynasty.

00b, Wang Anshi was able to carry out bold reforms in view of the accumulated disadvantages of the rule, which is worthy of recognition in the face of the crisis of feudal rule. Wang Anshi was an outstanding politician and reformer in ancient China.

5. Zhang bian method: whip method (158 1 year).

Objective: to ease class contradictions, increase government revenue and save the ruling crisis.

00② Content:,

00 pounds. Combine the original local tax, corvee and miscellaneous tax into one, and register.

00b。 The service money collected by households in the field is divided equally according to the number of people and the number of fields.

Significance: it is a major reform of China's tax system, providing paid service silver has relatively reduced the burden on farmers, and farmers' personal dependence on the country has been relaxed; The method of levying taxes and silver meets the needs of the development of commodity economy, which is conducive to the commercialization of agriculture and the growth of capitalist buds.

Calvin reform in Switzerland

Advocacy: Many propositions are similar to Luther's, such as opposing blind obedience to the Catholic Church, the supremacy of the Bible, believing in salvation, and simplifying sacraments. However, his ideas are more radical and more representative of the interests of the emerging bourgeoisie. For example, he interpreted salvation by faith as "God decides first" and defended the bourgeoisie's wealth; Elect clergy and establish a democratic church; Set strict moral standards; Advocating the establishment of Geneva as a theocratic republic with the integration of politics and religion.

Results: A new sect called Calvinism appeared and spread in England, France and Holland.

00(3) The Reformation in Britain

The religious reform in England was carried out by the king from top to bottom, with the aim of strengthening the royal power and establishing a national church attached to the king. The promoters were King Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, and the main measures were to promulgate the supreme decree, stipulate that the king was the supreme head of the church, retain Catholic ceremonies, dissolve monasteries and so on. , seriously weakened the power of the British church, strengthened the kingship, but retained the remnants of Catholicism, and later rose to represent the interests of the bourgeoisie.