Yue Fei (1103-1141) was a military strategist and national hero in the Southern Song Dynasty. Word Ju Peng, Xiangzhou Tangyin (now Henan) people. When I was young, I was diligent and eager to learn, and I developed a good martial arts. /kloc-joined the army at the age of 0/9 to fight against Liao. Soon after, due to the loss of his father, he retired and returned to his hometown to observe filial piety. 1 126, the nomads from the Jin army invaded the Central Plains on a large scale, and Yue Fei joined the army again and began his military career against the Jin army and protecting his family. Legend has it that when Yue Fei left, his mother, Yao Shi, tattooed on his back the words "faithfully serve the country", which became the creed that Yue Fei followed all his life. . After Yue Fei joined the army, he was quickly promoted to Bing Yilang for his bravery in combat. At this point, Kaifeng in the capital of song dynasty was besieged by 8 Jin Army. Yue Fei went to the rescue with Zong Ze, the deputy marshal, and defeated the 8 Jin Army many times, which won Zong Ze's appreciation and praised him as "a talented person with both wisdom and courage, and an ancient warrior could not pass". In the same year, 8 Jin Army attacked Kaifeng, captured Hui Di and Emperor Qin, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. In May of the second year of Jingkang, Zhao Gou, King Kang, ascended the throne as Emperor Gaozong, moved the capital to Lin 'an and established the Southern Song Dynasty. Yue Fei wrote to Gao Zong, demanding to recover lost ground, which was rejected. Yue Fei then moved to Zhang Suo, the commander-in-chief of Hebei Province, where he served as the commander-in-chief of Zhongjun, and fought against the 8 Jin Army in Taihang Mountain area, making repeated military exploits. After returning to Tokyo and staying in Zong Ze, he turned to Kung Fu Lang and the meritorious military service. After Zong Ze's death, he succeeded to Tokyo and stayed in Du Chongshou Kaifengfu. Suggestions for three years (1 129), Jin general Wu Shu led the Jin army to invade south again, Du Chong led the army to abandon Kaifeng and fled, but Yue Fei had no choice but to go south. That autumn, Wu Shu continued to invade the south, and Du Chong, who was left behind by Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), surrendered without a fight. Jin Jun was able to escape the natural barrier of the Yangtze River and quickly captured Lin 'an, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing), Mingzhou and other places, and Gaozong was forced to exile at sea. Yue Fei led a lone army to fight behind enemy lines. First attack Guangde Jin Jun defenders, and win six out of six. When Jin Jun attacked Changzhou, he led the troops to help each other, winning four out of four. The following year, Yue Fei set an ambush in Niutou Mountain, the martial arts of Jin Wu were broken, Jiankang was recovered, and 8 Jin Jun was forced to withdraw northward. Since then, Yue Fei's reputation has spread all over the country, and the sound has shocked the country. In July, Yue Fei was promoted to the governor of Tongzhou Town and Taizhou, with more than 10,000 troops, and established a disciplined and brave anti-gold force-Yue Jiajun. In the third year of Shaoxing, Yue Fei was awarded the banner of "Loyal Yue Fei" by Emperor Gaozong for destroying Li Cheng and Zhang Yong. In April of the following year, Yue Fei sent his troops to the north, crushed the puppet troops of the rulers and recovered six counties, including Xiangyang and Xinyang. Yue Fei was also promoted to the Qingyuan Army for his merits. In December of the same year, Yue Fei defeated the nomads from Luzhou (now Hefei, Anhui) and the nomads were forced to return to the north. In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1 135), Yue Fei led the army to suppress Yang Yao's rebel army and recruited 50,000 to 60,000 elite soldiers, which greatly increased the strength of Yue Jiajun. In the sixth year of Shaoxing, Yue Fei made another northern expedition and captured Yiyang, Luoyang, Shangzhou, and then besieged Chen and Cai areas. However, Yue Fei soon found himself alone, without reinforcements and food, so he had to withdraw to Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei). In this Northern Expedition, Yue Fei's ambition was not rewarded, and he wrote the word "Man Jiang Hong", which is a swan song of the ages: rushing to the crown with anger, leaning against the fence and resting in the rain. Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon. Don't be idle, white and sad! Jingkang is ashamed, but it is still snowing. When will courtiers hate it? Take a long-distance bus and break through the Helan Mountain Que! The monk longed for pork, but he said he longed for Hun blood. Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky! In the seventh year of Shaoxing, Yue Fei was promoted to Qiu. He repeatedly suggested that Emperor Gaozong start the Northern Expedition and recover the Central Plains in one fell swoop, but all of them were rejected by Emperor Gaozong. In the ninth year of Shaoxing (1 1 19), he made peace with Jin and paid tribute to Jin in the Southern Song Dynasty. This made Yue Fei very angry, and the above table demanded that "the military affairs be dismissed and Lin Quan abdicated" in protest. The following year, Wu Shu tore up the peace treaty and invaded the south again. Yue Fei was ordered to send troops to fight back. Zhengzhou, Luoyang and other places have been recovered one after another. The elite fighters of 8 Jin Army "Tiefutu" and "Kidnapping Horse" were defeated in Yancheng, and they took advantage of their victory to occupy Zhuxian Town, only forty-five miles away from Kaifeng. Wu Shu was forced to retreat to Kaifeng, 8 jin j morale is low, issued a "easy to shake mountain, difficult to shake YueGuJun" lament, dare not play. In Zhuxian Town, Yue Fei recruited soldiers, contacted the Hebei Rebel Army, and actively prepared to cross the Yellow River to recover lost ground and take Huanglongfu directly. He excitedly said to the generals, "Why don't you go directly to Huanglongfu for a drink?" After returning to Lin 'an, Yue Fei was relieved of military power and served as a Tang Dynasty envoy. In August of the 11th year of Shaoxing, Jin Wu sent someone to make peace with him, and Jin Wu demanded that "Yue Fei must be killed to make peace". Qin Gui falsely accused Yue Fei of rebellion and imprisoned him. In the 11th year of Shaoxing (1 142), on December 29th, Qin Gui poisoned Yue Fei to Fengbo Pavilion in Lin 'an on trumped-up charges. Yue Fei is only thirty-nine years old. His son Yue Yun and his subordinate Zhang Xian were also killed. Ning Zongshi, Yue Fei was able to get revenge and was hunted down by the king of Hubei. Yue Fei is skilled in strategy and rigorous in running the army. His army is famous for "freezing to death, not tearing down houses, starving to death, not robbing". During his military career, he personally participated in and commanded 126 battles, never losing, and was a veritable victorious general. Yue Fei did not leave any special military works, but his military thoughts and general plans for running the army were scattered in books, memorials, poems and so on. Later generations compiled Yue Fei's articles and poems into Legacy, also known as Collection of Yue Zhong and My King.

wen tianxiang

19 years old, Wen Tianxiang won the first place in Luling Township School Examination. The following year (Baoyu's fourth year), he entered Bailuzhou Academy in Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province). In the same year, he chose Gong from Jizhou and went to Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, with his father to take the exam. In the imperial examination, he pertinently put forward the "imperial examination strategy", put forward the reform plan and expressed his political ambition. Song Lizong was the first person to be elected in person, and he also became a protege of the powerful minister Jia Sidao. Wang Yinglin said: "It is the mirror of ancient friendship, loyal to the liver as a stone, and dare to congratulate others." But four days later, his father died unfortunately, and Wen Tianxiang went home to mourn for three years. Later, he successively went to Zhongshu, and served as a naval officer, a punishments officer, a Jiangxi officer, a Shangshu Zuosi officer, a Hunan officer and a Ganzhou officer.

In the first month of the first year of Deyou in Song Gongdi (1275), due to the massive attack of the Yuan army, the defense line of the Yangtze River in Song Jun collapsed, and the court ordered the local government to organize military forces and soldiers to be diligent. Wen Tianxiang immediately donated his fortune as a military expense, recruited local heroes, and formed a rebel army of more than 10,000 people to go to Lin 'an. In Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the magistrate of Pingjiang Prefecture, ordered to send troops to rescue Changzhou, and then ordered him to rescue Shangguan alone. Because of the fierce offensive of the Yuan Army, Jiangxi rebels fought bravely, but failed to stop the Yuan Army in the end.

In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army arrived in Lin 'an, and civil and military officials fled. Empress Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang as the right prime minister and special envoy of the Tang Dynasty, and sent him out of the city to negotiate in an attempt to make peace with the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang arrived at the Yuan Army Camp, but was detained by Bo Yan. Seeing that the tide had run out, Empress Xie had to give up the city and surrender to the Yuan Army.

The Yuan Army occupied Lin 'an, but Huaihe River, Jiangnan, Fujian and Guangxi were not completely controlled and occupied by the Yuan Army. So, Bo Yan tried to seduce Wen Tianxiang and use his reputation to clean up the mess as soon as possible. Wen Tianxiang would rather die than surrender, so Bo Yan had to escort him to the north. Wen Tianxiang ventured to flee on his way to Zhenjiang. After many difficulties and obstacles, he arrived in Fuzhou on May 26th, the first year of Jingyan (1276), and was appointed as the right prime minister by Zhao Yun, the little emperor of Song Duanzong.

In July, Wen Tianxiang was extremely dissatisfied with Zhang Shijie's autocratic politics and disagreed with Chen, so he left the Southern Song Dynasty and went to Korea. He set up a government in Nanjian Prefecture (now Nanping, Fujian Province) to gather troops, and he was also the viceroy, directing the anti-Yuan movement. 10, Wen Tianxiang moved to Tingzhou, Liancheng and other places, and sent Counsellor Wu Jun to contact the anti-Yuan rebels all over the country to persist in the struggle.

In the second year of Jingyan (1277), Yuan soldiers marched in and Wen Tianxiang tried to repel the enemy according to Liancheng. Huang Qu, the governor of Tingzhou, heard that the emperor sailed into the sea and the soldiers in the county were unfaithful. Wen Tianxiang moved to Longyan one by one. In February, Wen Tianxiang led an army to attack Meizhou. In April, after killing two overbearing generals, Zhixia sent troops from Meizhou to attack Jiangxi. At this time, the national heroes responded to the anti-yuan, and the order was spread to Jianghuai. After winning a great victory in Yidu (now Du Yu, Jiangxi), he moved to Ganzhou. In Yuan Dynasty, Xuanwei of Jiangxi made Hengli launch a counterattack in Xingguo County. Wen Tianxiang was defeated, his wife and children were separated, and the remnants were taken in. He followed his mother back to Liancheng and asked the soldiers for help. Later, he moved to Zhou Xun.

In the summer of the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang learned that Duanzong had died, and his younger brother Zhao Min, who succeeded to the throne, moved to Yashan, and was ordered to take care of him less and believe in lord protector. In order to get rid of the predicament, he asked to lead the army to join the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to Zhang Shijie's resolute opposition, Wen Tianxiang had to give up and lead the army back to Chaoyang County. In the winter of the same year, the Yuan Army launched a massive attack, and Wen Tianxiang was attacked by Zhang Hongfan, a general of the Yuan Army, on his way to Haifeng, and was defeated and captured.

Wen Tianxiang attempted suicide by taking poison, and was taken to Yashan by Zhang Hongfan, asking him to write a letter and give birth to Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang said, "I can't protect my parents. Can I teach others to betray their parents? " Zhang Hongfan didn't listen, forcing Wen Tianxiang to write again and again. Wen Tianxiang also copied a poem he wrote a few days ago, Crossing Ding Yang, to Zhang Hongfan. Zhang Hongfan read that "life has never died since ancient times, and it needs a heart to shine." Two words, can not help but also moved, no longer forced Wen Tianxiang.

Twenty days after writing Crossing the Zero Ocean, Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with his 8-year-old young emperor Zhao Min on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. Zhang Hongfan asked Yuan Shizu how to deal with Wen Tianxiang, and Yuan Shizu said, "Who doesn't have a loyal minister?" Zhang Hongfan was ordered to treat Wen Tianxiang with courtesy, send Wen Tianxiang to Dadu (now Beijing), and put him under house arrest, determined to surrender to Wen Tianxiang.

First, Liu Qu, the former prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, explained Wen Tianxiang's appearance and advised him to surrender. When Wen Tianxiang saw Liu's great anger, Liu had to leave angrily. Yuan Shizu demanded the surrender of Song Gongdi and Zhao Xian, who had reduced the yuan. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground in the north, crying, and said to Zhao Xian, "Come back!" Zhao Xian has nothing to say, disgruntled. Yuan Shizu was furious and ordered to tie Wen Tianxiang's hands and put on a wooden cangue. Put him in a military cell. Wen Tianxiang stayed in prison for more than ten days before the jailer let him go: it was another half month before he took off his wooden yoke.

Kyle Polo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally held a hearing to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was taken to the hall of the Privy Council, towering away, just bowed to Kyle Poirot. Kyle Poirot called on Wen Tianxiang to kneel. Wen Tianxiang struggled to sit on the ground and never gave in. Kyle Poirot asked Wen Tianxiang, "What do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "There are ups and downs in the world. The destruction and slaughter of the country have occurred throughout the ages. I am loyal to Song, I just want to die early! " Kyle Poirot flew into a rage and said, "Are you going to die? I won't let you die. I want to detain you! " Wen Tianxiang was fearless and said, "I would rather die for justice than be imprisoned!" "

From then on, Wen Tianxiang spent three years in prison. In prison, he received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that her daughter's letter was a hint from Yuan Ting: as long as she surrendered, her family could be reunited. However, Wen Tianxiang doesn't want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter, although his heart ached. In his letter to his sister, he said, "I am very sad to receive a letter from Miss Liu. Who has no wife, children, flesh and blood? But now, it is a kind of life to die without hesitation. what can I do? What a pity! ..... can make Liu Nv and Huan Nv become good people, but dad can't. Tears choked and choked. "

Prison life was hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. Immortal masterpieces such as the third volume of the Guide and Song of Justice were all written in prison.

In the 19th year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (1282), the powerful minister Ahema was assassinated. Yuan Shizu ordered Ahema to lose his family fortune, investigated Ahema's sin, and appointed Heli Huosun as the right prime minister. Li and Hawthorne put forward the idea of governing the country by Confucianism, which was recognized by Yuan Shizu. In August, Yuan Shizu asked the minister, "Who is the prime minister of the North and the South?" Ministers replied: "Northerners are like Lu Ye Chu Cai, and southerners are like Wen Tianxiang." Therefore, Yuan Shizu issued an order to grant senior officials in Wen Tianxiang prominent positions. Some of Wen Tianxiang were demoted to Yuan's old friends, and immediately informed Wen Tianxiang about it and persuaded Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang refused. 1February 8th, Yuan Shizu summoned Wen Tianxiang and surrendered himself. Wen Tianxiang is still bowing to Yuan Shizu. Yuan Shizu didn't force him to kneel. He just said, "You've been here for a long time. If you can change your mind and be loyal to me in the Song Dynasty, I can give you a position in Zhongshu Province. " Wen Tianxiang replied, "I am the Prime Minister of DaSong. The country is dead, and I just want to die quickly. It is not suitable for a long time. " Yuan Shizu asked again, "What do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "I wish death were enough!" Yuan Shizu was very angry and ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.

The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the execution ground in Chaicheng. The beheading officer asked, "What does the Prime Minister have to say? Playing back can also save you from death. " Wen Tianxiang shouted, "What can you say when you are dead?" He asked the prison officer, "which way is the south?" Someone showed him the direction, and Wen Tianxiang bowed down to the south and said, "My business is over, and my heart is clear!" Therefore, the neck penalty, the righteousness is long. After his death, he found a poem in his belt: "Confucius said that he is benevolent, and Mencius said that he takes justice and does his best, so benevolence is the best." What have you learned from reading the books of sages? Occasionally, I have no conscience. "Wen Tianxiang died without regret, and his lofty integrity is immortal. Wen Tianxiang has a granddaughter named Wen Ying. Grandpa said that his father committed suicide after turning himself in.