I. Basic clues
1. Upper and lower limits of modern history
The first volume of the history of the eighth grade in junior high school mainly focuses on the modern history of China. This history began with the outbreak of the Opium War between China and Britain in 1840 and ended with the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, with a time span of 1 10 years. In the past, most textbooks limited the time of modern history to 1840 to 19 19. According to the opinions of most experts in the field of history, the lower limit of modern history was extended to 1949, mainly because the basic nature and contradictions of China society did not fundamentally change around 19 19, and the struggle tasks of the people of China did not fundamentally change.
2. Basic characteristics
The absolute time is not long, but the metabolic rhythm is extremely fast and the historical connotation is very rich.
The absolute time of this history is not long, but it is a historical period of intense social turmoil, extremely sharp and complicated internal and external contradictions and struggles, and extremely rapid social changes. After the late Qing dynasty, the provisional government of the Republic of China, the rule of Beiyang warlords, and the national government had a fast pace of metabolism. It is full of contradictions and struggles between aggression and anti-aggression, oppression and anti-oppression, change and counter-change, revolution and counter-revolution, and its historical connotation is extremely rich.
Modern China evolved from ancient China. Therefore, the modern history of China is the continuation and development of the ancient history of China, and it is an integral part of the general history of China. It can be found that some factors that dominate the changes of China's traditional society, such as traditional political system, feudal kingship and traditional culture, are still playing a role in modern society and have had an important impact on shaping the historical features of modern China. On the other hand, the development of modern history has its own characteristics. One of the important factors is the encounter with western capitalism and the opening of the country. China was forcibly involved in the development process of world capitalism and became a part of the world capitalist system. Therefore, the history of China is not only the history of the development and evolution of China society itself, but also the history of the exchange and collision between Chinese and Western civilizations. It is the history of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from formation to disintegration, the history of the Chinese nation conforming to the world trend and striving for national independence and national liberation, and the history of China's exploration of the road to modernization and its difficult transition from tradition to modernity. In a sense, the collision, communication and mutual integration of Chinese and Western cultures are the key points that should be understood and grasped in the teaching of modern history in China.
In addition, it should be noted that the modern history is a history that has just passed away, which has a great influence on modern China and directly determines the development direction of modern China. Many phenomena in present reality can be found in modern history. On the contrary, understanding the reality will often deepen our understanding of the history of modern China. Therefore, when studying the modern history of China, we should grasp the development of modern China from the angles of ancient and modern, Chinese and western, old and new, traditional and modern, so as to clarify the context of historical evolution.
Therefore, when compiling, we always closely follow the historical theme of independence and modernization to construct the framework of teaching materials, and pay attention to cultivating students' historical synaesthesia, so that students can understand the historical journey of modern China through historical events, figures and historical phenomena, and understand how generations of people with lofty ideals struggled and explored to save the nation and revitalize China, how difficult and tortuous these struggles and explorations were, and what lessons they left us, from which they really realized that "only socialism can".
3. Style arrangement of teaching materials
This textbook consists of 7 units and 25 lessons. Among them, four inquiry activity classes are inserted into each unit. The first five units basically introduce the historical development process in chronological order, which is actually the style of general history; The last two units "economy and social life" and "science and technology and ideology and culture" are special history. This arrangement not only takes into account the requirements of curriculum standards, but also includes our understanding of the social development process of China in 1 10.
The first five units are divided into two parts: the first and second units introduce the history of the first 80 years, including two interrelated clues: one clue is how China fell step by step, that is, how China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from an independent and complete feudal society; Another clue is how China rose from the sink and got rid of being colonized and enslaved, that is, how the people of China fought for national independence and liberation and explored the road to modernization. Generally speaking, the former line describes the decline and decline of modern China, while the latter line describes the rise and progress of China.
The third, fourth and fifth units are about the history of the last thirty years, that is, the history of China's new-democratic revolution. There are several lines in this history: first, the establishment of China and the people's revolutionary struggle led by him; Second, the history of ending the rule of Beiyang warlords, the establishment of national unified political power by the Kuomintang and the collapse of rule in the mainland; The third is imperialist aggression. These clues do not exist in isolation, but are intertwined. The relationship and contradiction between them sometimes intensified, sometimes eased, and constantly evolved, which together shaped the historical view in the last 30 years. Textbooks are generally arranged in chronological order, trying to reveal the complicated contradictions and the basic track of historical evolution in this period.
Second, closely follow the historical theme of modern China.
The relationship between independence and modernization. The basic theme of modern history is to strive for national independence and national modernization. Independence and modernization are not isolated from each other, but complement each other. China has been invaded repeatedly since modern times, and gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from a sovereign and independent country. Therefore, striving for national independence is the primary task of the people of China. However, the acquisition of national independence needs to be based on national strength, and there is no other way to improve China's national strength except to realize modernization.
1. Pay attention to reveal the characteristics and harm of foreign powers' invasion of China and its influence on modern China.
The development of foreign powers' invasion of China is characterized by its growing scale and deepening degree. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was an important turning point for foreign powers to invade China. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the invasion of China by foreign powers was mainly naked military aggression, and its main purpose was to open the door to China. Since then, military aggression has been combined with political aggression and economic aggression to gain more economic and political rights and interests. In Liang Qichao's words, the invasion of the great powers changed from "visible division" to "invisible division". The so-called "tangible partition" mainly refers to cutting land and obtaining war reparations; "Invisible carve-up" mainly refers to setting up factories, mining roads, opening banks, giving political loans to the Qing government, and dividing "leased land" and spheres of influence in China. Compared with the former, the latter's attack means is more subtle and more harmful. By the end of 19, China is in danger of being dismembered. In order to reveal the characteristics of foreign powers' aggression against China and the crisis faced by China from the end of 19, we not only made an introduction in the form of tables, but also selected a map of the current situation from the "reading pictures" after class, which intuitively revealed the basic situation at that time.
Expose the cruelty and harm of foreign aggression. The fourth unit exposes the fascist crimes in Japan. The title of "Nanjing Massacre" was written in lesson 13, which was described in big characters and introduced in small characters, with pictures, enemy information (news reports and pictures of Japanese soldiers' "killing competition" in Tokyo Daily News), my [exposure of Kuomintang military doctors (1)] and third-party information [irrefutable evidence (2) about. The arrangement of such materials objectively and comprehensively exposes the evil acts of Japanese fascism, which is very convincing and strongly refutes the attempts of Japanese right-wingers to distort history.
2. Pay attention to the tortuous course of national struggle, show the unyielding national spirit of the Chinese nation, and correctly sum up historical experience.
Where there is aggression, there is resistance. All acts aimed at resisting aggression and saving the nation from peril are struggles. The struggle embodies the indomitable national spirit of the Chinese nation. Therefore, in a sense, a modern history is a history of China's struggle. In the textbook, we write about resistance with emotion. For example, in the second lesson, when writing about the border crisis, we introduced Zuo's "Yu Yunyuan's Collection"; When I wrote about the Sino-Japanese War, I wrote about Deng Shichang's self-destruction. The fourth unit "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression", with a large number of examples and materials, highlights the Chinese nation's spirit of unity, courage, tenacity, fear of violence and courage to sacrifice.
There are various forms of struggle. Different forms of struggle have left people with different historical experiences. In this regard, textbooks not only introduce historical facts, but also properly summarize the experience of national struggle. For example, in the lesson 1, when describing Lin Zexu's struggle against Britain, while affirming his courage to resist foreign aggression, he also highlighted that he was "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world", in order to show that the combination of anti-aggression struggle and opening up new knowledge is the correct way of national struggle.
3. Try to reflect the tortuous course of social change in modern China, highlight the spirit of the Chinese nation to keep pace with the times, and let students realize that "only socialism can save China" is the correct historical choice of social change in China.
Basic characteristics of social change: In modern times, around the historical theme of anti-imperialism and feudalism and China's independence and prosperity, struggles and changes have emerged one after another, which can be described as surging. These changes show the characteristics of from the outside to the inside, from shallow to deep, overlapping and progressive. Generally speaking, the post-change is based on the profound reflection on the former change, and it is the criticism, inheritance and development of the former change. In the process of the former change, it often contains some reasonable contents that conform to the historical development trend, but it has surpassed it. These social changes reflect the spirit of the Chinese nation to keep pace with the times. Therefore, when compiling teaching materials, we try our best to vividly show the tortuous course of modern social changes, reveal the links and turning points between various changes, and clarify the role of each change in promoting China's modernization.
For example, when describing the people's anti-aggression struggle in China, on the one hand, we try to describe the historical track of China gradually becoming semi-colonial and semi-feudal, on the other hand, we try to explain the causal relationship between the two Opium Wars and the ideological trend of "learning from foreigners" and the rise of "Westernization Movement". Causal connection between the failure of the Sino-Japanese War and the rise of reform and improvement and the Republican revolution; The historical twists and turns after the Revolution of 1911 have a causal relationship with the emergence of the May 4th New Culture Movement and the birth of China. The causal relationship between War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the post-war opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship and the victory of the Liberation War. Guide students to fully understand the spirit of the times of China's continuous exploration and progress in modern times, and understand the historical truth that "the road is tortuous and the future is bright" from historical facts.
The historical journey of modern China was tortuous and difficult. From the struggle-failure-re-struggle, the Chinese nation gradually realized that learning from the achievements of human progress in the world must be suitable for China's national conditions, and China's exploration of independence and modernization must be combined with China's own practice. In the teaching materials, we not only pay attention to fully showing the historical journey of modern people with lofty ideals struggling to find the way to save the country, but also give historical affirmation and praise to historical figures and ideological and cultural concepts ahead of the trend of the times. At the same time, we also show the law of metabolism from the perspective of historical changes, summarize the historical limitations and lessons of those transitional links in the past, and let students experience why we finally chose China and his social reform ideas from the historical sadness of repeated failures, and understand that "only socialism can save China."
Third, strengthen ideological education.
The contents of the text strive to be reasonable and well-founded, introduce new historical materials and new research results as much as possible, excavate historical facts or cases with profound implications and ideological education functions, and give full play to the ideological education functions. Focusing on the central link of national conditions education, it emphasizes the organic infiltration of patriotism, national identity, national sense of hardship, correct understanding of social changes, the collapse of Chinese and Western cultures, the establishment of healthy personality and attitude towards life, and strengthens ideological and political education and moral education in various ways. The historical fact that the plan to buy advanced ships ran aground before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 led to an in-depth analysis of the lack of resistance of the Qing regime to foreign aggression, and explained that the incident had a psychological shock to a generation of teenagers with the feelings of the people at that time (Wu); After being defeated by Eight-Nation Alliance, Cixi's coquetry when meeting foreign ministers of various countries showed the diplomatic attitude of the Qing regime and paved the way for the history of the Revolution of 1911.
The photos, fine print and "reading card" in lesson 14 tell the story of Nie and two rescued Japanese girls. In particular, the letters to Japanese officers and men are simple, just, sincere and touching, which not only explain the situation, but also reprimand the evil of Japanese militarism, embody the international humanitarian spirit of the people of China, and form a sharp contrast with the brutality of the Japanese army. This information is an excellent textbook for China and Japan to correctly treat past historical issues, and it is also a powerful criticism of Japanese right-wing forces.
In the text, we have also appropriately added some famous sayings and ballads with ideological education significance, such as Tan Sitong's poems, Chen Duxiu's Quotations on Democracy and Science, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's famous song On the Songhua River, Ji Hongchang's martyrdom, Yang Hucheng's handwriting, Zhang Xueliang's message on anti-Japanese determination, eight hundred heroes Song, etc., in order to enhance students' patriotic feelings, national identity and nationality.
Four, set up two units to introduce the economy, social life, science and technology, ideology and culture of modern China.
Since modern times, the opening of the country and the influx of new things from all directions have promoted the exchange, collision and integration of Chinese and Western civilizations, thus promoting the great changes in economy, culture, education, science and technology and people's social life in modern China. Although these contents have been introduced in previous textbooks, they are all relatively brief. In fact, these changes are closely related to people's daily life. For example, the progress of transportation and communication means has changed people's daily life, promoted social and economic development and changed people's ideas; The development of mass media has great influence on the rapid transmission of information, the spread of cultural knowledge, the development of social education and the expansion of social life. Changes in social customs, including hairstyles, costumes, appellations and etiquette, all imply changes in social concepts, which is an inevitable requirement for the whole society to move from closed to open and from inequality to equality, and also a reflection of social progress. All these had a great influence on modern China and perfectly reflected the historical characteristics of modern China in the process of rapid social change and modernization.
Therefore, we have arranged two units with a total capacity of 7 classes to introduce this knowledge. In the arrangement, we adopt the form of combining point with surface, and describe the reasons and processes of these changes as concisely as possible, so that students can fully feel the speed of change in the past 100 years and realize the power and mode of social change from the old and new changes. Part of the contents of these two units are written with emotional strokes. For example, 18 introduced the story of a group of national capitalists represented by Zhang Jian who unswervingly promoted the development of China's national industry when introducing "the tortuous development of national industry"; When introducing the development of modern science and technology, Lesson 23 describes that engineers and scientists such as Zhan, Hou, Li Hehua paved the way for the development of science and technology in China, hoping to inspire young students' patriotic enthusiasm and patriotism.