The reasons for the development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty are as follows: firstly, poetry and fu have been tested in the imperial examinations since then, which reflects the development of poetry and in turn gives poetry a great impetus; Second, the unification of the north and the south, the integration of the south and the north, the original southern palace poetry, the pursuit of flowery rhetoric, lack of ideological content, the poetry of the northern dynasties, simple and vigorous, but less literary color, after the integration, developed into a Tang poetry with equal emphasis on words and content; Thirdly, the great ethnic integration adds the scenery of ethnic minorities and frontiers to the theme of poetry, expands the description and enriches the content of poetry; Fourthly, a large number of folk spoken language and folk songs have been absorbed into poetry, adding new blood to poetry and enhancing its vitality.
Tang poetry has a wide range of themes, including the earth, mountains and rivers, battlefields, frontier fortress, rural areas, urban and class opposition, political situation, people's life, female experience and so on. All these descriptions reflect the historical development and all aspects of social life in the Tang Dynasty.
Tang poetry is generally divided into four periods: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang.
Poets in the early Tang Dynasty still followed the poetic style of the Southern Dynasties, and their works lacked true feelings and rich social content. However, as far as the artistic form of poetry is concerned, from the "Four Masters" of Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo to the Excalibur period and the Song Dynasty, they gradually completed the rhythmic process of rhythmic poetry and laid the form of rhythmic poetry. In front of me, where are those lost years? Behind me are future generations? ",can be said to be a sweep of the powder of the Six Dynasties.
In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Tang poetry reached the peak of prosperity, showing a colorful grand occasion. Romantic poetic style full of vigorous spirit is the mainstream of poetry in this period. The frontier poetry school, represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can, has added infinite freshness and magnificent brilliance to Tang poetry. The school of landscape poetry, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, mainly describes the leisurely and quiet landscape and pastoral life. Although their thoughts are not high, they have made great achievements in art and truly represented the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Li Bai (70 1-762) was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin 'an, Gansu). Born in Hakka, Li, a businessman of Han nationality, once lived in Broken Leaf (Broken Leaf was then under the jurisdiction of Anxi Duhu House, located beside the Chu River in the south of Balkhash Lake). At the age of five, he entered Sichuan with his father and moved to Qinglian Township, Zhangming County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan), where he spent his youth. Li Bai, a "ten-year-old scholar", is young and fashionable. Just like Ren Xia, he yearns for an unrestrained and free life. He often compares himself with Sean and Zhuge Liang and wants to have some political ambitions. At this time, he is already a young writer with "fifteen wonderful books, full of fragrance", enjoying the world with his poems. Li Bai spent most of his life roaming. When I was a teenager, I went to many places in Sichuan. At the age of 25, he began to travel from Sichuan to Hubei for more than ten years, mainly between Xiangyang and Jiangling. I also swam in Dongting and went to Jinling. After he was thirty-seven or eight years old, he went to Shanxi and traveled to Shandong in the east. He lived in Rencheng for several years and settled there. South to Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang. In this process, he was deeply inspired by the natural scenery of the motherland and touched all aspects of society. Some rangers and Taoist priests had a great influence on him. In the first year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (742), at the age of 42, he was called to Chang 'an, the capital, on the recommendation of Taoist Wu Yun. He was so excited that he thought it was time to realize his political ambition. He said in the poem "Don't go into the interior": "If you wear a gold seal when you return, you will see that Su Qin will not get off the plane." The poem "Nanling children go to Beijing" says: "If you go out laughing, you are an Artemisia." When Li Bai went to Chang 'an to see He Nianqi's "Difficult Road to Shu", he said, "Alas, Zi, you are a fallen fairy". Fame, Xuanzong summoned, greatly appreciated, as the president of the Hanlin Academy, responsible for drafting secret edicts. One day, Xuanzong and Yang Guifei were drinking and watching peony in the palace. Tell Li Bai to have fun. Bai Zheng is drunk and lying in a restaurant. After calling someone, he washed his face with water and wrote three poems called Qingpingdiao:
Beautiful people who see the bright clouds, think of their clothes and see flowers come to see them.
If Yushan didn't see her, it would be Yaochi meeting under the moon.
A red dew is fragrant, and the rain is heartbroken.
Excuse me, who looks like Han Palace? The poor swallow relies on new cosmetics.
Famous flowers fall in love and laugh like kings.
Explain that the spring breeze is infinitely hateful, and the agarwood pavilion is northward.
Xuanzong loved talents, and after several banquets, Li Bai was intoxicated in the temple, which led to Gao Lishi taking off his boots. Gao Lishi was deeply ashamed of the word "Qingpingdiao" and excited about Yang Guifei, because the poem pointed directly at Yang Guifei and Zhao Yanfei in the Western Han Dynasty, which was a disaster of national subjugation. Because Li Bai's poems are too high, it is inevitable to blame Yang Guifei. Tang Xuanzong only invited him to be an imperial poet, but he didn't want to be a prime minister, so he didn't get the chance to realize his political ambitions. His romantic personality and fair thought made him rejected by the nobility. At that time, only by sacrificing justice and freedom could his political activities succeed, but he refused to pay such a price. Instead of flattering Yang Guifei and Gao Lishi, he openly despised them and finally suffered from their exclusion. He was expelled from the palace in disguise after only three years in Chang 'an. After wandering around, I once arrived in Youzhou and witnessed the power of Anshi Rebellion. At the time of the An Shi Rebellion, he was 56 years old and was called the palace aide by Li Lin, the yongli emperor guarding the south at that time. That year, Li Ling, the king of Yong, began to compete with his younger brother Tang Suzong for the throne. The following year, Wang Yong was defeated, and Li Bai was arrested and imprisoned in Xunyang. He was sentenced to exile at the age of 58, but was pardoned on the way. In 762, 62-year-old Li Bai died of poverty in Dangtu (now Anhui). It is not credible that Li Bai was drunk and threw himself into the water to catch the moon.
Li Bai's personality is very romantic and unrestrained, and his feelings are hot. He loves his motherland and is keen on politics. These are all based on the urgent demands for justice and freedom. This was in contradiction with the ruling clique at that time. Therefore, his real political life was only twice short, with a total time of only five years, and both ended in failure. Although he enjoys a good reputation in the field of poetry, he still leads an idle life.
Before the Anshi Rebellion, the feudal economy in the Tang Dynasty was unprecedentedly prosperous. Li Bai was born in a wealthy family and lived a comfortable life, so he was able to roam the famous mountains and rivers in China. He holds a positive and optimistic attitude towards himself and society, and shows a vigorous spirit in his works. He praised the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland with a lot of poems. Write about the Yangtze River: "An old friend left the Yellow Crane Tower in the west, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. The lonely sail is far from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky. " ("Yellow Crane Tower Farewell Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou") Write about the Yellow River: "You didn't see how the water of the Yellow River moved out of heaven and entered the ocean, never to return." ("Into the Wine") "The Yellow River comes from the west to set the Kunlun Mountain, roaring Wan Li and touching the Longmen". "How magnificent the Xiyue is, and the Yellow River is like a silk sky". "The Yellow River falls into the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes it in his mind". These poems are Li Bai's praises to the rivers and mountains of the motherland. Write Lushan Waterfall: "Rizhao Road is full of purple smoke, overlooking the waterfall hanging in Qianchuan. Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days. " (Look at Lushan Waterfall) Write the scenery outside the Great Wall of the Northwest Plateau: "The bright moon rises from Tiantai Mountain, in the infinite haze of the sea of clouds. Thousands of miles to the wind, blowing Yumenguan battlements. " ("Guan Shanyue") wrote about the moonlight of Mount Emei: "Mount Emei enters the Pingqiang River (that is, Qingyi River, in the northeast of Mount Emei) in mid-autumn." "When the moon rises, Emei shines on the sea, following the posture of Wan Li." These poems show the poet's love for the motherland and his desire for freedom and light. People reading these poems that reproduce the majestic image of nature will naturally arouse their love for the mountains and rivers of the motherland.
Li Bai, a famous ancient painter, was in his later years, when the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline and class contradictions became increasingly acute. In his works, the poet reflects the characteristics of his time. After he left Chang 'an, due to the disillusionment of political ideals and direct contact with the supreme ruling clique, he wrote a series of political lyric poems, boldly exposed the corruption of the imperial court and predicted the disaster of the Tang Dynasty. Only Li Bai's works had such political sensitivity at that time. For example, it is difficult to go, singing and sending Cen, singing jade pots, giving snow poems to friends, answering Wang's twelve cold nights, giving books to Nanling to praise Fu, giving Xuancheng Yuwen Taishou and Cui, giving books to Cai She Ren Xiong, and giving songs to poets who are unwilling to walk with evil and are unwilling to be alone, which makes their brilliant lyric expression present unique characteristics. This feature is also reflected in some poems about drinking, traveling in the mountains and chanting mountains and rivers, such as Into the Wine, Uncle Xuan Xie Jumping from a Building, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Lushan Ballad, Difficult Road to Shu, Hengjiang Ci and so on. After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, he wrote a famous article describing the tragic scene of the collapse of nine places and the loss of life, and angrily condemned the fatuity and incompetence of the rulers of the Tang Dynasty, such as Roaring Tiger, Singing Song, Words of Anger, Giving Zhang, Wandering Yelang Unexpectedly Hearing, Li Bai also had political overtones. The style is fresh and meaningful, which shows the poet's naive and sincere character and is full of life interest. Such as thinking in the quiet night, smelling the Los Angeles flute in the spring night, looking at the Lushan Waterfall and the song of Qiupu, giving Wang Lun, crying about Xuancheng's good wine-making history, and loving Uncle Xun's home in Wusong Mountain. This kind of poetry is also an important part of Li Bai's poetry.
In a word, Li Bai's poems introduce us to such a world, where there are magical and steep mountains and rivers, quiet and remote idyllic cottages, boundless borders, quiet winding streams, roaring ice and snow, brilliant flowers and moons, egrets in Jiangnan water town, peonies beside Chenxiang Temple, swordsmen's sword light, beautiful women's dance sleeves and Wuling teenagers riding horses. There are Xie Anshi in Dongshan, laughing about the lake sand, and if there are lotus pickers by the wild river, laughing about lotus flowers ... The world is so colorful, no matter where it is, there is a surging momentum like the Yangtze River, which arouses a youthful emotion in readers' hearts. This world in poetry is the projection of the real world in the poet's mind at that time. And the people are the driving force to create history and culture, which is an extremely eloquent proof here. This is the great significance of the poet Li Bai.
In Li Bai's existing works, few directly reflect people's life and social and political conditions. However, the people's yearning for light and freedom and their determination to strive for a better life are clearly reflected in the poet's own feelings of the same nature. They used to exist widely in people's real life and were absorbed and concentrated by poets to improve their artistic level. Therefore, with the spread and infection of poems, they are re-injected into people's hearts and become a kind of power, inspiring people to struggle for a better life. This is the great positive significance of Li Bai's poems.
Li Bai is the greatest romantic poet after Qu Yuan. His poems "Pine and cypress are lonely and straight, but peaches and plums are hard to do" and "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to the high officials, and no one will suffer from being treated honestly", which are deeply loved by readers of all ages because of their arrogance and contempt.
In terms of artistic achievements in poetry, Li Bai comprehensively and creatively inherited the rich heritage of Yuefu folk songs since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and also summarized the experience of poets learning Yuefu folk songs in this period. Therefore, he used his powerful artistic power to reflect the rising people's power in his time and pushed Tang poetry to a peak. He absorbed spoken language and folk songs, and wrote many poems with sincere feelings, natural sentences and touching feelings, such as "Thinking of a Quiet Night": "There is a bright line at the foot of my bed, is there frost?" . Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home. " Another example is "To Wang Lun": "Li Bai was about to go boating when he suddenly heard singing on the shore. Taohuatan is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. " Li Bai's poems are full of unrestrained feelings, rich imagination and exaggerated language. He is used to expressing his feelings with historical allusions and myths and legends. He is best at Yuefu songs, and he is famous for his seven unique and five laws. There are more than 1000 poems by Li Bai, some of which have been translated into Korea and Japan.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was once called Du Gongbu by later generations because he worked as a staff officer and proofreader in Chengdu. In his poems, he once called himself Shaoling's grandfather, so later people called him Shaoling. He was born in a declining bureaucratic family in Gongxian County, Henan Province, and his grandfather Du was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. He has been diligent and knowledgeable since he was a child. He claimed that when he was a teenager, he "read thousands of books and wrote like a god". It's not boasting, it's being praised by the elders for poetry. After the age of 20, he roamed Wu Yue Qi Zhao and began to write poems. "Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky." On Mount Tai shows the poet's talent. At the age of 25, he was admitted. Tianbao Sanzai (744) met Li Bai in Luoyang at the age of 33 and forged a profound friendship. In Du Fu's poems, he and Li Bai said "get drunk in the autumn quilt and walk hand in hand with the Japanese". In Li Bai's poems, they miss Du Fu's "generous gentleman, send him south". Although they never meet again, they always miss each other affectionately.
In the fifth year of Tianbao (746), Du Fu came to Chang 'an, the political center at that time. I wanted to be used by the emperor to realize the political ambition of "loyalty to the monarch and honest customs" However, the next year, I should take the lead again. At that time, it was dark, and he couldn't find a way out, so he had to accompany the nobles to make poetry and drink to make a living. "The rich man locks up early, the fat horse dust follows the dusk, the cup breaks the cold, and there is sorrow everywhere." Trapped in Chang 'an for nearly ten years, in frustration and poverty, everything in Chang 'an, the luxurious life of the ruling class and the deep suffering of the people forced the poet to recognize the reality. The poet's thoughts and feelings gradually approached the people, and his brushwork extended from personal sadness to the vast real world. During this period, Du Fu wrote many poems that profoundly reflected social contradictions, such as Chedian, which revealed that heavy military service destroyed agricultural production and caused "200 states in Shandong, and thousands of people were born in Beijing". He obviously opposed the unjust war launched by the imperial court against ethnic minority areas because of greed for border work. Another example is "The Second Way", which rebukes Yang Guifei's sisters and Yang's extravagance and debauchery, and reflects the social reality in Tianbao period from two extremes. There is also the famous "reciting 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian". In the winter of 755, I visited my wife from Chang 'an to Fengxian. Passing through Mount Li, he knew that Emperor Xuanzong and Yang Guifei were sheltering from the cold, spending money and having fun in Huaqing Palace. However, I don't know how many people are hungry and cold on Chang 'an Avenue and around Chang 'an City, and the poet can't help but feel the same. As soon as he entered the room, he heard a cry. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. He thought of the poverty of the whole world from the poverty of one family and the decadence of the ruling class. He indignantly wrote a famous sentence that profoundly reflected the class opposition and spread through the ages, "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones." It is not only a social microcosm before the rebels captured Chang 'an, but also contains the poet's own personal grief and indignation. Personal poverty communicates the fate of the people, and Du Fu's poetic history begins here.
After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu took his whole family and experienced the hardships of escape and poverty. Once captured by the rebels, he was sent to Chang 'an, which has been captured. Chang' an has been looted by the war, and there are scenes of national destruction and death everywhere. In the spring of 757, he sneaked into Qujiang and saw the palace closed and depressed everywhere. In "Dream of Spring", "Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers will last forever, and the vegetation will spring back" expresses his anxiety and anger at that time. He escaped from Chang 'an and went to Fengxiang to see Su Zong. He worked as a junior official for two years. Because he once worshipped Zuo, he was called Du. Soon he gave up his official position and decided to be a wild old man and continue to live a wandering life. During this period, more and more poets came into contact with reality, and witnessed the disaster of the country and the suffering of the people with their own eyes, which prompted them to write many immortal poems. Such as mourning for Wang Sun, mourning for Qingban, Aijiangtou, Northern Expedition and Qiangzhai. 759 was the most difficult year in his life, and it was also a year of unprecedented harvest in his creation. "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" (Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan official, Tongguan official, wedding farewell, farewell to the old and homelessness) were all completed in this year. In these poems, Du Fu profoundly wrote the painful experiences of people living under war and class oppression, and made a strong accusation against the feudal rulers who harmed the people. It is revealed that regardless of the lives of the people, the groom who has only been married for one day, the middle-aged man who has not grown up, and even the old woman are served together. In Xin 'anli, Du Fu also asked Xin 'anli some words: "Excuse me, Xin 'anli, how small is this county? "Xin' an Li replied:" Last night, the official position went down and I chose the male line for the second time. "Du Fu even asked:" China men are absolutely short, why should they guard the city? " Du Fu also advised the mother who sent her son off not to cry: "Twilight makes eyes dry and tears close. When her eyes are dry, she will see bones, and the world will be cold! " Du Fu said a lot here. In the Stone Trencher, he didn't say a word, as if he saw the problem more clearly. At the beginning, it was "throwing stones into the village at dusk, and officials arrested people at night." This official is already a robber, and Du Fu will ignore him. Then: "The old man went over the wall and the old woman went out to see it. No matter how angry officials are, why do women cry! Before listening to his wife's speech: three men are guarding Yecheng. One man attached a book, and two men died. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead. There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson. And grandma didn't go, and there was no skirt in and out. Although an old woman is weak, please come back at night. If you are in a hurry to serve Shirley in the river and Yang, you might as well prepare the meal in the morning. The night is long and silent, like crying and choking. Dawn will rise to the future, leaving the old man alone. " On behalf of the people, Du Fu shouted out the deep sorrow he had accumulated for a long time. At the same time, he also expressed his deep concern about the national crisis. In the poem, he advised the military commanders who were guarding the customs not to run away from the enemy, and also advised the newly married young people to temporarily abandon their personal happiness and put on military uniforms for the sake of national security. "Don't worry about the wedding, work hard." It is especially valuable to have a clear understanding of the nature of war. These poems truly reflect the social outlook of the historical turning point from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and are full of realistic spirit, which has developed the ideological achievements of Tang Dynasty poetry to a climax. It is not only the representative work of the poet, but also a glorious legacy in China's classical literature.
In 760, Du Fu came to Chengdu, and with the help of his friends, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River, where he was temporarily sheltered. In addition to being exiled for more than a year because of the mutiny, he actually lived in Chengdu Caotang for more than three years. In the meantime, Ren Jiannan was appointed as a staff officer, and Wu sponsored Du Fu as the minister of the Ministry of Industry, so it was called. In 765, he left Chengdu Caotang and drifted from Sichuan to Hubei and Hunan. Taking a boat as home is impermanent. In the winter of the fifth year of Tang Daizong Dali (770), the poet stopped singing forever on a passenger ship in Xiangshui, at the age of 59.
Du Fu is the greatest realistic poet in the history of China literature. He used a large number of poems to expose various contradictions in feudal society in Tang Dynasty. Poets must have lofty aspirations in order to produce noble artistic conception and noble works. Du Fu's political ambition in his early years was to "respect the monarch before making the customs pure", but his dissatisfaction with reality was still vague. Great changes have taken place after being frustrated politically and being displaced in life. He witnessed the disaster brought by the war and was eager to end the war as soon as possible, saying, "Andrew's strong men guard the Tianhe River and don't have to wash the armour!" " ("Wash the Horse"). His own livelihood is difficult, pushing himself and others, saying: "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and all the poor in the world are happy, and the wind and rain will not move!" The autumn wind broke the hut. In view of all kinds of disadvantages in reality, I wrote "An De Nong will stop fighting, and officials everywhere want money" ("Daydream") and "Who can detain the monarch and order tax relief" ("A Record of Su Hua"). Because of this ambition, a noble artistic conception has emerged: "Worrying about Li Yuan in poor years, sighing hot in the intestines". After the Anshi Rebellion, various social contradictions became more acute, and the solution could only rely on the peasant uprising. However, Du Fu's profound realism of social reality shows the social scars more strongly and intensively in front of people, making it possible for people to feel further, be alert and cause dissatisfaction. It is in this sense that Du Fu's poems have adapted to the requirements of history and made some progress. Of course, the limitation of class enabled him to describe the sufferings of the people touching, but he could not write about the people's resistance; It can expose some disadvantages of feudal rule, but it often excuses the emperor; Can reflect social contradictions, but can not point out the realistic way out. Du Fu, on the other hand, was able to surpass ordinary feudal literati and reach a higher level that his class might not have reached at that time. This is his greatness.
One of the characteristics of Du Fu's poems is optimistic and uplifting spirit, which makes the gloomy and sad poems full of blood and tears not make readers feel depressed, but often make readers feel refreshed and in high spirits. For example, 759 was the most difficult year in Du Fu's life. When he was in Tonggu county, he was so poor that he collected acorns and millet in the valley every day to satisfy his hunger. "Seven Composers Living in Tonggu County, Gan Yuan" combines cruel reality with rich imagination, and unexpectedly sings an open and magnificent poem of "Little Stream Rejuvenates Me". "Climbing Yueyang Tower" is the poet's situation, but my relatives and friends didn't give me any news. I was old and sick, and I was alone with my boat. There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall. How can I not cry on the railway here? ”。 But before these four sentences, he wrote: "I have always heard of Dongting Lake, and now I have finally climbed to this tower. To my east is the State of Wu and to my south is the State of Chu. I can see such a vast scene as "Heaven and Earth are drifting endlessly". In the same situation, when he said with emotion, "If only my art could bring me fame and free my sick old age from the office!" In front of it is "the stars are leaning down from the clearing and the moon is running up from the river"; When he lamented that "Wan Li is a long-term guest in autumn, who has brought me a hundred years of sorrow and climbed this high alone", he was faced with "fallen leaves like waterfalls, and I think the long river is always rolling forward"; When he thought of "I heard a woman in the distance, crying after the battle", what he heard and saw was "Stark's voice is even more challenging with drums and horns, and the stars and Tianhe pulse over three mountains". This is the scenery in front of the poet and the poet's state of mind. With a broad mind, we can use such magnificent scenery to set off the hardships of the times and personal misfortunes he wrote. Therefore, although his poems are sad and painful, the readers are deeply moved, but they are not depressed, but have a sense of high spirits and excitement.
Bai Juyi's Du Fu poetry is recognized as a master of Tang poetry in art, and his achievements in metrical poetry are particularly remarkable, especially in the later seven-rhythm, which can best reflect the typical style of Du Fu's poetry. They are meticulous, highly concise and elegant, representing the highest achievement of modern poetry in Tang Dynasty.
Du Fu wrote thousands of poems in his life, and there are more than 1,400. His poems widely and vividly reflect a complicated and turbulent historical era, which is called "the history of poetry". Du Fu's poems are sincere and vigorous, concise and natural, simple and gorgeous, implicit and implicit, with high ideological and artistic quality, which has a far-reaching impact on later poetry creation. People of all ages, including many outstanding poets, regarded him as a model of learning and honored him as a "poet saint"
Du Fu Caotang on the banks of Huanhua River in Chengdu was later built as a temple. After liberation, it was rebuilt as "Du Fu Caotang".
Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen and Li He were outstanding figures in the middle Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen initiated the new Yuefu movement of poetry creation and made great contributions to the development of Tang poetry.
Bai Juyi (772-846) was born in Xiaao (now Weinan, Shaanxi). In his later years, he lived in Xiangshan, Luoyang. He was born in a small bureaucratic family. At the age of eleven or twelve, he lived a wandering life with the people in order to avoid the war in the buffer region. This enabled him to get in touch with the people and understand their sufferings. When he was young, he studied hard and didn't sleep, so that his mouth ached and his elbow ached. I have been fond of writing poems and poems since I was a teenager. When I was 15 or 16 years old, he wrote, "Wandering grass comes and goes with every season". Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze. " Appreciated by the famous poet Gu Kuang at that time. At the age of 27, he was admitted to Jinshi, and was successively picked up as a bachelor of Hanlin by the school book lang, county commandant and Zuo Shi. At the age of 44 (8 15), he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima for opposing eunuchs and stubborn bureaucrats. In the struggle between Niudang and Li, Yang, the white wife, is the sister of Yang, an important figure of Niudang, and is called Niudang. When Li Deyu was in power, he rejected Bai Juyi and even dared not read white poems for fear of changing his prejudice. Bai Juyi adopted the method of striving for fame and position to deal with factional struggles. When I was a local official, I did some good things, such as presiding over the construction of a lake embankment and irrigating 1000 hectares with lake water. One of his limitations is that he retired to Luoyang in his later years and produced negative thoughts.
Bai Juyi is an outstanding realistic poet after Du Fu. He put forward a set of progressive literary ideas: "Articles should be written in time, and poems should be written for things." It means that literature must reflect the times and cannot be divorced from politics. Achieving the goal of education will help the real struggle. And he said, "Poet, root affection, Miao character, Watson, true meaning." Compare poetry to a fruit tree. Emotion is the root, language is the branches and leaves, rhyme is the flower, meaning is the fruit. Poetry without feelings is like a rootless fruit tree, which cannot survive. Meaningless poetry is like a fruitless fruit tree with worthless branches and leaves. He believes that a good poem should have feelings, thoughts, good language and rhyme, and thoughts and feelings are particularly important. His progressive literary theory had an important influence on the development of poetry circles and China's classical poetry at that time, and played an important role in the healthy development of China literature.
Bai Juyi's most representative literary proposition is his fable poems. In his early years in Tang Xianzong, he was an admonisher in charge of collecting remains. When discussing things every day, he kept secret all the important events and imperial edicts he saw, and even said in front of the emperor, "Your Majesty is wrong." Some people who are inconvenient to talk frankly express their opinions in poetry, hoping that the emperor will repent after listening. Some of these poems are entitled "New Yuefu", commonly known as satirical poems. It is the most popular part of white poetry and the essence of white poetry. Represented by 50 poems of New Yuefu and 10 poems of Qin Zhong.
Du Lingcuo in "New Yuefu" accused the feudal government of overcharging, saying, "What about food and clothing next year when Yunnan and Tibet sell land for official rent?" Stripping my silk and taking the millet from my mouth, cheat people is a pest, a wolf. Why do you have to scratch your teeth and eat human flesh? "Selling Charcoal Weng rebuked the eunuch of Miyagi for plundering the people at that time." A load of charcoal, more than a thousand Jin, was cherished by the envoys in the palace. Half-horse red yarn was used as silk, and charcoal was filled into the bull's head. "This is a waste of clothes and food for the old man who sells charcoal. He is' poor in clothes, worried about charcoal, sweet and cold in cold',' full of dust and fireworks, and his temples are gray and black'. This poem soon spread to the Western Regions, and this poem copied by the Uighur poet Kaman Er was found in Laqiang County, Xinjiang, showing its great influence at that time. " Xinfeng Broken Arm Weng describes that when Yang Zhaobing attacked Nanzhao, a man "stole a big stone mallet and broke his arm" to avoid military service. Bai Juyi was 88 years old when he met him. Although he had to "sleep till dawn" every time it rained and it was cold, he was lucky to save his life. The poet angrily condemned the unjust war. The wife is directly accusing the official of "taking my warmth and buying your immediate interests!" "Forcing the people" is invisible to the young and warm to the old. "A bouquet of dark flowers, ten households are blessed" in "Selling Flowers" exposes the serious opposition between the rich and the poor.
Bai Juyi's satirical poems profoundly reflect the social reality. According to the books of him and his friends, his poems make the dignitaries smell the color change, and those in power smell the color change, and those in military positions smell the teeth; From Chang 'an to Jiangxi for three or four thousand miles, there are often people who write poems in rural schools, Buddhist temples, anti-tourism and boating; Scholars, monks, widows, virgins, and often poets. This is the people's nature of these poems. It is also inseparable from his profound and easy-to-understand poems.
Besides fable poems, Bai Juyi also wrote beautiful and harmonious narrative poems such as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa, which showed the poet's extraordinary artistic talent. Many playwrights in later generations adapted it into a drama and put it on the stage, which was touching. His works are widely read and imitated by readers at home and abroad.
Bai Juyi wrote the Collection of Bai Changqing in 7 1 volume, leaving more than 3,000 poems. Famous poets in the late Tang Dynasty were Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who were called "Little Du Li". Li Shangyin's poems are obscure and beautiful in words. Du Mu pursued "sublimity" in art, not satisfied with "absurdity", and tried to be unique in the late Tang Dynasty.