Slavs: Living in the northern part of Eurasia, they were obviously divided into three branches in the 6th century.
Western Slavs: Poles, Slovaks, Moravians.
Yugoslavs: Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes.
Eastern Slavs: Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians.
Early history developed slowly, and it was not until the 7th century that countries appeared. Under the influence of the surrounding advanced culture, it directly changed from tribal alliance to early feudal country.
Two dynasties: Kiev Russian Principality * * * * * *): It was an early Russian state founded by Eastern Slavs and Valleyans (a branch of Norman, also known as "Russians").
In 862, one of the Varians captured Novgorod in the north to establish a lyric dynasty, and the other captured Kiev.
In 882, Oleg, the regent of Novgorvid, captured Kiev and made it its capital, and began the rule of the Russian Principality in Kiev. 1240 was conquered by Mongolia, 1243 established the golden horde.
Domestic policy: Sogo travels and accepts Christianity, conducts foreign trade and establishes diplomatic relations with other countries. In 988, Vladimir, the Grand Duke of Kiev, led all his subjects to be baptized and joined Christianity.
The significance of Ross's acceptance of Christianity in Kiev lies in: ① The monotheistic Orthodox Church replaced the polytheistic worship of nature, which brought the Dagong's rule with the aura of God's approval and was conducive to the political unity of the country; ② It brought advanced Byzantine culture and technology, which laid the foundation for the development of Rosculture in the future; (3) accelerated the process of feudalism.
The establishment of feudal relations: ① In the 9th 9- 10/0th century, commune members could inherit the right to use land, and private ownership of land gradually appeared, thus feudalism began; 2- 10 century, princes and nobles began to occupy land and granges, and feudal ownership of large areas of land began to form; In the 3rd-1-12nd century, Qinbing also began.
Moscow Principality: Originally a remote small village, it was built in 1 147, and became a Russian Principality with feudal territory at the end of 13 (conditions for its rise: ① superior natural conditions ② its rise with the help of Mongolian Khan. ) 1328, Ivan I, the money bag of the Grand Duke of Moscow, was awarded the title of "Vladimir and the Grand Duke of Russia".
The formation of centralized state (1late 5th century to1early 6th century): ① 1378, Moscow defeated the Mongolian army in the Wocha River, a tributary of the Oka River, and there was a failure since the Mongols' Western Expedition ② 1380. The two sides fought in the Kurikovo Plain and Mamehancher was completely defeated. Dmitry, the Grand Duke of Moscow, won the title of "Hero of the Don River" (③ 1480). Ivan III of Russia of Russia and Khan of Mongolia fought a decisive battle in the Oka River, but Ivan III of Russia of Russia won in the end, because the Poles and Lithuanians failed to join forces with Khan of Mongolia. Russia completely got rid of the rule of Mongolia. Unified the duchy of Ross. During the reign of Ivan III of Russia, Russia, it dealt with Novovid and the Principality of Tver, opposed Poland and Lithuania, seized the land in the Baltic Sea, and looked for Russia's seaport in the north.
Romanov dynasty * * * * *)1613. At the meeting of the gentry held in Moscow, michel & Middot Feodor Rovizzi & Middot romanov was elected as the czar and began the rule of Romanov dynasty. Until the revolution was overthrown in February 19 17. The new government ended the armed interference of Poland and Sweden and took measures to restore the economy. Measures such as improving institutions and enhancing military strength.
A reform: Ivan IV's reform: 1547, Mrs. Ivan IV was crowned "Tsar" and autocratic rule began. The first meeting of gentlemen was held in 1549. From then on, the meeting attended by princes evolved into an organ that decided major national policies in 16, and Ivan IV announced the compilation of a new code at the meeting.
The main contents of the reform are as follows: ① Administration: The earliest administrative organization "government affairs hall" appeared at the end of 15. /kloc-in the mid-6th century, the government affairs hall system was finally established, the central organs were improved, and some institutions for managing state affairs were added. Convene a gentry's meeting, and the local government practices a system of autonomy, which is managed by the county magistrate. (2) Judicature: promulgate regulations to punish corruption, unify national laws, set up judicial organs in various places, and promote small and medium-sized landlords to hold official positions at all levels. ③ Military: The Military Service Law was promulgated in 1556, stipulating that every 150 mu of land must be equipped with a cavalry to form a new army, thus weakening big noble's military privilege. (4) the implementation of special jurisdiction system. From the court and the state organs until the national land was divided into two parts: special area and ordinary area, each with its own court, competent department, government affairs hall and treasury. The special area was located in the south-central part and was directly managed by the tsar. The original hereditary territory of big noble in the SAR was changed to royal land, which was distributed to the middle and small nobles who served the czar. Any aristocrat whose hereditary territory was confiscated in special areas can get land as compensation in ordinary areas to cope with big noble's resistance to Ivan IV. The implementation of the special jurisdiction system promoted the elimination of the old aristocracy, the formation of new noble and the strengthening of serfdom.
An Uprising: Polotnikov Uprising: 1606 The serf uprising broke out in northern Ukraine for the first time, 1598 The Lyurik dynasty in Russia lost its heir. Poland took the opportunity to invade Russia, which caused the situation in Russia to be turbulent. * * * * * *, famine occurred one after another, and the situation of serfs deteriorated. 1606, serf Polot. The rebels were aimed at aristocratic officials, not against the tsar. 1607, defeated by the czar's army. This is the first large-scale peasant war against feudal autocracy in Russian history. Although it dealt a heavy blow to the feudal ruling class, it failed because of the lack of a clear political program and the complicated internal composition of the rebel army.
Serfdom: ① The new code promulgated by Russian Ivan III of Russia in 1497 stipulates that farmers can only leave their original owners within one week before and after Julius Festival every year to find another way to live, which indicates that farmers' freedom rights have been deprived and serfdom has been formed.
②/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, three basic serf classes appeared in Russia, namely, private serfs, court serfs and state serfs.
(3) 158 1 year, Ivan IV issued a decree to ban the year, stipulating that farmers were not allowed to leave during the Judas Festival that year and later, and farmers were completely deprived of their freedom.
(4) Land survey and household registration were conducted again in * * * * *, and farmers became fixed serfs from then on.
⑤ 1597, the state issued a decree prohibiting serfs from escaping, stipulating that local officials must assist landlords to recover slaves who have escaped for less than five years. 1649 completely abolished the time limit for hunting serfs, and the recovered serfs were returned to the original serf owners together with their families and all their property, which marked the final completion of Russian serfdom.
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