This is what the historian Croce said.
All history is contemporary history-Bergson, right?
The Concept of History is the last classic work of collingwood, an English philosopher and historian. In this work, collingwood shows his thoughts and efforts to construct a new historical philosophy. The problem is how to know history, how to know history. What is history itself? What kind of knowledge is history, what is its relationship with science, and what is its fundamental role? This is the basic problem of this book. Behind these problems is the central theme of the "historical view" that the author will build, that is, "all history is the history of ideas" Around this fundamental "concept", the author constructs his own internal grand structure, and makes a detailed distinction between internal research and external research of history. By putting forward questions within the structure of this concept and explaining them in a methodological way, we can clearly see how collingwood's own historical philosophy has progressed. In short, no matter what the author tries to refute or answer, what he wants to explore is nothing more than a view and proof of the original question: when we talk about history, what are we talking about?
Where does the phrase "all history is contemporary history" come from? 20 points
This sentence was said by Croce (Bendetto Croce, 1866- 1952) and translated by Croce. Italian philosopher and historian, one of the main representatives of New hegelianism. 1883 went to college in Rome. In the 1920s, he formed his own neo-Hegelian philosophy system. Editor-in-Chief of Review Magazine since 1903. 1920 ——1921served as minister of education. Politically and ideologically, he has always been the leader of Italian bourgeois liberalism. Deeply influenced by Hegel in philosophy, he thinks that Hegel's idealism is not thorough enough. He regards spirit as the whole content of reality, and thinks that pure nature does not exist except spirit, and philosophy is a science about spirit (all existing reality), that is, pure spiritual philosophy. His aesthetic thoughts are mainly embodied in aesthetic principles. The main viewpoints of aesthetic principles are "five meanings" and "five evils". "Five meanings" means: (1) Intuition is the expression of lyricism. He denied that there is "material" in the world, but only "material" (that is, emotion, desire, * * *, pain, etc. These "materials" are the products of the mind. Once they go through intuition, they can get "form" and turn it into images (everything). All intuition comes from emotion and expresses emotion. (2) Intuition is art. Having an intuitive product (intuitive image) in your heart is equivalent to "expressing" art. As for the art in your heart, it doesn't matter whether you write or not, whether you draw or not. Intuition is art, everyone has intuition and everyone is an artist. Now the difference between artists and ordinary people lies only in their intuition. (3) Intuition is appreciation. Appreciation is to recreate the lyric image created by the artist with intuition, so as to obtain roughly the same experience and feeling as the author. Appreciation and creation are unified, which requires not only appreciation, but also intuition. (4) The successful performance of intuition is beauty. The function of intuition is to endow intangible emotions with form and make them become images and "objectify". This "comprehensive activity of mind" can be divided into success and failure. Beauty only refers to success, and failure is ugliness. Aesthetic feeling is caused by a successful performance. (5) Language is art. He inherited Vico's theory of thinking in images and thought that language is a kind of thinking in images, which is the same as art in essence. He doesn't admit that abstract thinking has anything to do with art at all, and thinks it is absurd to regard thinking as an intuitive activity. "Five evils" affirms that art is a purely intuitive existence from the opposite side. Including (1) art is not physics; (2) Art is not a utilitarian activity; (3) Art is not a moral activity; (4) Art is not a conceptual or logical activity; (5) Art cannot be classified. "Five Righteousness" and "Five Evil" affirmed intuition as expression, transformed Hegel's rationalism aesthetics with idea as the core into irrationalism aesthetics with intuition as the center, opened up a new trend of western aesthetics in the 20th century, and had an influence on Bao Sangkui, Garrett and collingwood in Britain. His major works are Philosophy of Mind (4 volumes, 1908- 19 17), Aesthetic History of Science and General Linguistics as Expression (1902) and Death and Life in Hegel's Philosophy (1902).
How to understand "all history is contemporary history"?
History is closely related to reality. History is the reality of the past and reality is the history of the future. When human beings engage in social practice in various periods, they need to base themselves on the existing historical conditions and learn from relevant historical experience. Historians and politicians in China have always believed that the purpose of history is to draw lessons from the past. Sima Qian's Historical Records is intended to "reminisce about the old and think about the new"; Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian is intended to "learn from the rise and fall of predecessors and write about the gains and losses of present people"; Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, thought that "taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall", and so on, all expressed the idea of taking history as the truth.
All history is the source of contemporary history.
A famous proposition put forward by Italian scholar Croce in 19 17. "All history is contemporary history" is a sentence widely quoted by Croce. But if this is interpreted as distorting history to cater to the present, then history is based on the present real life, that is to say, the past can only be understood if it coincides with the present horizon. It means that not only our thoughts are current, but our so-called history only exists in our present; Without the present life, there is no past history.
How to understand: all history is contemporary history.
"All history is contemporary history", which Croce put forward in his monograph Theory and Practice of History. Many people hold different views on Croce's statement, among which collingwood's statement is more accepted: "All history is contemporary history, but not in the ordinary sense of the word, that is, contemporary history refers to a relatively recent past history, but in the strict sense, that is, people's awareness of their own activities when actually completing certain activities. Therefore, history is the self-knowledge of the living mind. " This passage aptly illustrates the important connotation of this proposition-contemporary history is the reappearance of self-knowledge in history. To attribute this reappearance to history itself, the focus naturally falls on the comprehensive coverage of history by contemporary history, which requires a new interpretation of contemporary history: "The word' contemporary' can only refer to the history that appears immediately after an activity is created as a consciousness of that activity". Contemporary is not only a concept of time, but also an ideological concept. As Croce himself showed, "contemporary" is a state of mind when describing history. This kind of thinking is undoubtedly the realization and historization of thought, and the true meaning of history is discovered through the historical flower of thought, that is, all history is contemporary history.
History is an endless dialogue between the past and the present: in the real world, we must understand why the current world structure is like this and what kind of development the future world may have. So there is a saying that forgetting the past means betrayal. Similarly, history is actually in the process of continuous reconstruction. Because all the history we know is told by others (literature and movies). These are not necessarily true. Therefore, history is actually constantly being reconstructed, which may be true or false. But one thing is certain, it is related to the ruling class at that time. You got it? In feudal society, Confucius and Mencius were publicized, but in socialist society, they were not publicized, and even held a negative attitude towards some. This is the reconstruction of history. In the eyes of the ancients, Zhu was a saint. But now, according to many books, Zhu has many criticisms. This is a dialogue between ancient and modern history. History is a little girl who can dress up: the ruling class of each era needs to shape its own ruling foundation. Therefore, the Li family in the Tang Dynasty should regard themselves as descendants of Laozi, which is a way to change history and serve their own rule. History serves the rulers. So many times what you see is not necessarily true, especially in history textbooks. So Japan should revise its textbooks. I know this. No country wants its people to think that its country was once evil. So there is a saying that history is written by winners. Winners and losers.
How to treat "all true history is contemporary history"
"All history is contemporary history", which Croce put forward in his monograph Theory and Practice of History. Many people hold different views on Croce's statement, among which collingwood's statement is more accepted: "All history is contemporary history, but not in the ordinary sense of the word, that is, contemporary history refers to a relatively recent past history, but in the strict sense, that is, people's awareness of their own activities when actually completing certain activities. Therefore, history is the self-knowledge of the living mind. " This passage aptly illustrates the important connotation of this proposition-contemporary history is the reappearance of self-knowledge in history. To attribute this reappearance to history itself, the focus naturally falls on the comprehensive coverage of history by contemporary history, which requires a new interpretation of contemporary history: "The word' contemporary' can only refer to the history that appears immediately after an activity is created as a consciousness of that activity". Contemporary is not only a concept of time, but also an ideological concept. As Croce himself showed, "contemporary" is a state of mind when describing history. This kind of thinking is undoubtedly the realization and historization of thought, and the true meaning of history is discovered through the historical flower of thought, that is, all history is contemporary history.
History is an endless dialogue between the past and the present: in the real world, we must understand why the current world structure is like this and what kind of development the future world may have. So there is a saying that forgetting the past means betrayal. Similarly, history is actually in the process of continuous reconstruction. Because all the history we know is told by others (literature and movies). These are not necessarily true. Therefore, history is actually constantly being reconstructed, which may be true or false. But one thing is certain, it is related to the ruling class at that time. You got it? In feudal society, Confucius and Mencius were publicized, but in socialist society, they were not publicized, and even held a negative attitude towards some. This is the reconstruction of history. In the eyes of the ancients, Zhu was a saint. But now, according to many books, Zhu has many criticisms. This is a dialogue between ancient and modern history. History is a little girl who can dress up: the ruling class of each era needs to shape its own ruling foundation. Therefore, the Li family in the Tang Dynasty should regard themselves as descendants of Laozi, which is a way to change history and serve their own rule. History serves the rulers. So many times what you see is not necessarily true, especially in history textbooks. So Japan should revise its textbooks. I know this. No country wants its people to think that its country was once evil. So there is a saying that history is written by winners. Winners and losers.
All history is modern history, right?
Wrong.
Croce's famous saying "All history is contemporary history" is often misunderstood.
From the perspective of epistemology, history takes the current real life as the frame of reference, that is to say, the past can only be understood if it coincides with the current horizon. A vulgar person who doesn't understand the charm of love at all in real life probably can't understand how Cleopatra's tears dragged down a dynasty. They only know such things at most, but they can't understand them. Therefore, it can be said that a person who has no enthusiasm for China's civil code system can't really understand the achievements of Hellenistic Roman jurisprudence in formal rationality.
From the perspective of ontology, it means that not only our thoughts are current, but also our so-called history exists only in our present; Without the present life, there is no past history. The so-called "contemporary" means that it constitutes a part of our current spiritual life. History is a spiritual activity, and spiritual activity is always the present, not the dead past. For Croce, time itself is neither an independent existence nor an external condition for the existence of things; He is only a part of the spirit itself, so we can neither regard time nor the past as something other than the spirit. Therefore, it can be said that the glory of ancient Rome, which has long disappeared in everyone's eyes, still exists in the spirit and writings of everyone who loves Roman law since savigny. As long as it affects us, it exists between us.
Someone once accused Croce of giving all history a contemporary view of history and a pragmatic view of history. This is actually a distortion of Croce's proposition that "all history is contemporary history". Pragmatists in history believe that historical materials can speak for themselves, which will provide researchers with the meaning they hope. Pragmatic historiography is to consciously tamper with or explain history for the needs of reality. On the contrary, Croce believes that historical materials themselves can't speak, and only the knowledge level of historians can make historical materials work. The higher the knowledge level of historians, the more creative they are, and the deeper the historical significance they reveal. Historians do not passively accept, examine and interpret historical materials, but exert great initiative and creativity. Therefore, Croce's "all history is contemporary history" is not pragmatic historiography, on the contrary, it is one of the characteristics of historical research revealed by his historical philosophy.
Misreading "All history is contemporary history" _ Culture _ Tencent. com
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