1, labor played a decisive role in the evolution from apes to humans.

2. China is one of the cradles of human beings and the country with the largest number of early human fossils and sites in the world.

3. The earliest known human being in China is Yuanmou, which is about 6,543,800 years ago.

47,000 to 200,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. Beijingers can walk upright, and their upper limbs are similar to those of modern people, but their heads still retain some characteristics of apes. They have begun to use natural fire and simple language.

5. 18000 years ago, cavemen also lived at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They used stone tools, mastered the technology of polishing and drilling, and mastered the technology of artificial firing.

Hemudu site in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River 6.6000 years ago was also one of the earliest places to grow rice in the world.

7. Hemudu people use tools such as stone grinders and bone implements, and also burn black pottery. They raise pigs, dogs, buffaloes and other domestic animals and lead a stable life.

8. The Banpo site in the middle reaches of the Yellow River 5,000 years ago was also the earliest place to grow millet and vegetables in the world.

9. The livestock raised by Banpo people mainly include pigs and dogs, but also a small number of cattle and horses. Sheep, chicken. They can spin linen. Sew clothes.

Banpo people live in semi-caves.

10, in primitive times, a relatively fixed production and living collective formed according to blood relationship was called clan.

Hemudu people and Banpo people belong to matriarchal clan society.

1 1400 years ago, there were three outstanding tribal leaders in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, namely Yan Di, Huangdi and Chiyou.

12, Huangdi and Yan Di formed a tribal alliance and fought against Chiyou. Chiyou was defeated and captured by the Yellow Emperor.

13 years, Huangdi and Yan Di were honored as ancestors of China by later generations. Huangdi is regarded as the founder of Chinese civilization, so we also call him "the ancestor of mankind"

14 After the Yellow Emperor, the leader of the famous tribal alliance in the Yellow River Basin was Yao Shunyu.

15, in ancient times, the method of electing tribal alliance leaders was recommended by the people, and the leaders gave way, which was called "abdication system" in history.

18. During the Shun period, there was a serious flood in the Yellow River basin, and Shun sent Yu to control the water. Yu introduced the river water into the sea through dredging, and let the people live a stable life. People praised his achievements in water control and called him "Dayu"

19. In 2070 BC, Yu established the first dynasty in the history of China-Xia.

20. After Yu's death, Yu's son Qi succeeded to the throne and became the second generation supreme ruler of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system of the throne inherited by father and son has replaced the abdication system, and "the public world" has become "the family world"

2 1, the last king of Xia, Jie, was a famous tyrant in history.

22. In BC 1600, Tang, the tribal leader of Shang Dynasty, set out to attack the summer. Overthrew Xia's rule, established Shang Dynasty, and made its capital in 600 BC.

23. In BC 1300, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, so we also call Shang Dynasty Yin Dynasty.

24. The Shang Dynasty ruled a wider area than the Xia Dynasty, stretching to the seaside in the east and to the western Shaanxi in the west.

25. The last King Zhou of Shang Dynasty was a tyrant. People are dissatisfied with his brutal rule. About BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang led an army to attack the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Zhou Jun won a great victory, and the Shang Dynasty perished.

26. After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty was established, with Haojiang as its capital, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

27. After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to strengthen the rule over vast areas of the country, the feudal system centered on the Zhou royal family was implemented, and the descendants of the royal family, heroes and old nobles were enfeoffed to various places to become princes and establish vassal States. Wei, Qi, Lu, Jin,. Ten vassal States, including Song and Yan.

28. According to the Western Zhou Dynasty, only the eldest son born to his wife is eligible to inherit the positions of son of heaven, vassal and doctor Qing. This is the eldest son inheritance system. It ensures the smooth succession of the ruling power of the royal family and nobles, and is conducive to the stability of social order.

29. The territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty extends to the east of Gansu in the west, to the north of Shandong in the east, to the south of Liaoning in the northeast and across the Yangtze River in the south.

30. In 77 1 BC, the dog army attacked Haojiang and killed Zhou Youwang, ending the Western Zhou Dynasty. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began.

3 1, we call Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

32. Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded the activities of Shang kings, which reflected the political and economic situation of Shang Dynasty. The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty.

33. The Muswuding unearthed in Yin Ruins is the largest bronze ware found in China at present, and it is a symbol of Shang Dynasty's power.

34. Bronze craft is an important symbol of Shang and Zhou civilizations. People call Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties the Bronze Age.

35. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, some bronzes were engraved with words. Because the ancients called copper gold, this kind of writing was called bronze inscription. Also known as Zhong Dingwen.

36. During the Spring and Autumn Period, great powers competed for hegemony for land, population and power to dominate other countries.

37. The five overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, King of Wu, and Gou Jian, King of Yue.

38. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as Prime Minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production. Strengthened the national strength, and under the call of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", the status of Qi was improved through the campaign. In 65 1 year BC, the governors were summoned to join the alliance in Kuishan, and the Zhou Emperor also sent representatives to attend.

39. In 632 BC, Jin Wengong adopted the strategy of "avoiding three schools", defeated the Chu army in the battle of Chengpu and dominated the Central Plains.

40. During the Warring States Period, the main vassal states were Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao and Wei, and the battles were Maling and Changping.

4 1, iron farm tools and Niu Geng were used in the Spring and Autumn Period and popularized in the Warring States Period.

42. In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong began the Shang Yang Reform.

43. The main contents of Shang Yang's political reform are: recognizing the private ownership of land, allowing free trading, encouraging farming, and promoting the county system.

44. The function of Shang Yang's political reform was to abolish the old system, promote agricultural production, improve the combat effectiveness of the army, and make Qin the most prosperous vassal state during the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of six countries and the reunification of China. ;

45. During the Warring States Period, many countries built some important water conservancy projects, of which Dujiangyan built by Qin was the most famous.

It was built by Li Bing and his son. This project turned Sichuan Plain into a rich "land of abundance".

46. China's civil construction craftsman is Luban.

47. During the Warring States Period, the imperial doctor was Bian Que, and the "four diagnoses" became the traditional diagnostic method of Chinese medicine.

48. China's earliest collection of poems was The Book of Songs.

During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan used Chu language and folk songs to create a new poetry genre-"Chu Ci". His masterpiece is the lyric poem Li Sao.

50. A musical system was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and bell and drum music prevailed in the Warring States Period. The complete set of chimes unearthed in Suixian County, Hubei Province was the most precious musical instrument at that time.

5 1, The Picture of a Phoenix Girl and the Picture of a Dragon in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the oldest silk paintings in China.

52. Founder of Confucius Confucian School. The center of his Confucianism is "benevolence", which refers to personal personality and interpersonal relationship.

53. According to legend, Confucius compiled The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals according to Historical Records, and Confucius' disciples compiled The Analects according to his words and deeds.

54. In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang established the Qin Dynasty and made Xianyang its capital.

55. The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created the first unified situation in the history of China. ]

56. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east.

57. The territory of Qin extends to Longxi in the west, to the East China Sea, to the South China Sea and to the Great Wall in the north.

58. What measures did Qin Shihuang take to consolidate reunification?

1), politically: it is stipulated that the supreme ruler is called the emperor.

Set up "three publics" in the central government, that is, the prime minister, imperial envoys and Qiu implement the county system in the local area.

2) Economically: unify currency and measurement. The unified car is relaxed.

3) Culturally: unified writing.

4), ideologically: burning books to pit Confucianism.

59. For some important pictures in the textbook, especially the official drawings of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period.

60、

school of thought

figure

Main proposition

Confucianists

Mencius

The people are precious, the monarch is light, and the power of the people cannot be underestimated.

xunzi

Man is destined to conquer nature.

mohists

Mozi

"Universal love" and "non-aggression" advocate thrift and oppose waste. select talented people

dao jia xue pai

Zhuangzi

People can't conquer nature, despise powerful people and enjoy it.

Legalist school

Han Fei

History is developing forward, advocating the reform of the rule of law and the centralization of monarchy.

Military strategist

Bin Sun

Make preparations before the war and discuss ways to win more with less.