The gentry are also called clan, potential clan, Jia clan, high gate, crown clan, old gate, author surname, right surname and so on. As opposed to civilians. Identity landlords in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was gradually formed during the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, the "Nine-grade Official Law" was implemented, which led to "the public door has the public, and the Qing door has the Qing". The gentry have political privileges, monopolize official career, legally shelter customers and carve up national taxpayers. There are overseas Chinese, Wu, Jun, Lu, Jia, Guan, Zhu, You, Hua, Jiu and Gao Men. Academically, he carried out "status endogamy" by studying Confucian classics and etiquette, and never married Shu Ren. Jin Dynasty was the heyday of the gentry. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, almost all the official positions above the third grade were held by gentry. After the peasant war, the productive forces in the south of the Yangtze River developed, the civilian landlord economy rose, and the gentry landlord power gradually declined. In the Southern Dynasties, the gentry lost some power. When ethnic minorities came to power in the Northern Dynasties, the influence of the gentry was never as strong as that in the Southern Dynasties. In the peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty, "Sui officials and the children of the gentry were killed", and the forces of the gentry suffered a heavy blow. "Although it is famous in the countryside, its health is quite poor." In the Tang Dynasty, the gentry still held a considerable political position. Many prime ministers were born from the gentry, but they had lost the right to monopolize the promotion and legal office. In order to get into the examination, some gentry paid more attention to poetry and fu than to Confucian classics. "Identity endogamy" began to break, and civilians intermarried. After the Five Dynasties, the gentry and landlords gradually declined.
Military service system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The military system was founded in the Three Kingdoms, flourished in the Western Jin Dynasty, and gradually declined in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties. The so-called world war system is to separate the whole family of soldiers from ordinary people and let them live together to become army soldiers. In addition to being soldiers for life, their families also need to be soldiers for generations, and their widowed wives and daughters should also be educated. Therefore, the military service system makes military service a specific obligation of some people. These people are called scholars, and their families become scholars or military households. In the late Northern Dynasty, the world military system was gradually replaced by the government military system.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, Jingkou (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province) was the military center of the southern regime in Jiangdong, known as the Beifu soldiers. This is a place where refugees from the north to the south live in concentration, and it is also the main source of troops for the southern regime. Chi Jian and Huan Wen, the ministers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, used this as a base to form an army, recruited northern refugees and farmers with rich operational experience between Jianghuai, and formed an elite army in Jingkou, which was known as the "northern government soldiers" in history. After Huan Wen's death, Xie An came to power and sent his son Xie Xuan to Jingkou to re-establish the Beifu soldiers. At that time, the soldiers and junior generals of the northern government were recruited. Most of them are refugees and armed leaders of refugees, living in Huainan in the north and south. They have rich combat experience and are brave and good at fighting. The northern government soldiers had a great influence on the situation in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), in the battle of Feishui, the soldiers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the northern government defeated hundreds of thousands of troops in the former Qin Dynasty. This army also suppressed the anti-Jin uprising led by Sun En and Lu Xun.
Patriarchal supervision and protection system
The political system in the early Northern Wei Dynasty. The patriarch, also known as the dock master or wall commander, is a powerful family who fled south at the end of the "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries". They live in groups, have many clans, sects, dock walls and armored soldiers, and are powerful armed leaders of some separatist forces. There are often hundreds, thousands or even tens of thousands of farmers who live on it, all of whom are their private population. These strongmen are called patriarchs, and all kinds of farmers attached to them are patrons of patriarchs. The relationship between parents and families in Yin Bao is the relationship between owners and tenants. Tenants are like serfs. After the establishment of the Northern Wei regime, the Xianbei tribe was appointed as the suzerain, and the suzerain's control and slavery over households were recognized. The suzerain's rule over households was taken as the local grass-roots regime, and the aristocratic family was taken as the suzerain to supervise and protect the people, thus forming the "suzerain supervision and protection system". The suzerain is a big or small separatist force in politics. Most Yin Bao families under the control of the suzerain country have no household registration. They are only the private population of the suzerain, and they are exploited and enslaved by the suzerain. The state can neither expropriate nor interfere. In the tenth year of Taihe (486), the system was abolished, but most of them were filled by the patriarch.
The "three-long system" was a grass-roots political organization that controlled the household registration in the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty and replaced the suzerain's supervision and protection system. In the 10th year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign of Tai He (486), Nan E's secretary ordered Li Chong to suggest that five households establish one neighbor, five neighbors establish one mile long, and five miles establish one side long. The three chiefs must be people who can handle affairs and abide by the law in the village. Their duties are to establish household registration every four years, check household registration, supervise farming, collect rent, levy corvee, perform military service and take care of the poor, the elderly and the weak. Neighbors can be exempted from one defense, two in the village and three in the party. The implementation of the "three-long system" will make classes regular and give points constantly, so that families can be born in the shade. The year 2008 will be conducive to the implementation of the land equalization system, the development of production and the strengthening of centralization. The abolition of the patriarchal supervision and protection system and the implementation of the three-system system have dealt a heavy blow to the interests of aristocratic families and met with opposition from many conservatives. However, with the insistence of the ruling ministers such as Empress Dowager, Emperor Xiaowen and Li Chong in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Three Dragons System continued to be implemented. The trip to the "three-long system" strengthened centralization, provided a basis and established standards for rent adjustment, and a large number of hidden households were cleared. Therefore, in recent years, the national fiscal revenue has doubled and the social economy has resumed development, which is called convenience for a time. The equal land system in the Northern Wei Dynasty was implemented on the basis of the three-long system.
Do nine things together, and do nine things at once. One of the taxation methods in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Shu Wei? "Food Record" said: "Before the world, there were nine kinds of household products, two household silks, two catkins today, and twenty millet stones." This is the standard that every household should accept. Households are divided into nine grades according to the number of assets, with more assets increasing above the standard amount and less assets decreasing below the standard amount. This method is called Fu You, which is also called "the advantages of planning and setting the course outweigh the disadvantages". This method was limited to household registration in the Western Jin Dynasty. After the Northern Wei Dynasty implemented the system of equal land, this law was no longer applicable.
Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (467-; 499) Justin, or Tuoba Hong, Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, AD 471-; In 499, he usurped, Xianbei nationality, and sacrificed his eldest son Wendi. In the fifth year of Emperor Xing (47 1), he acceded to the throne and changed his name to Yanxing. When he was young, his grandmother Feng Taihou came to North Korea. In the ninth year of Taihe (485), the system of land equalization was implemented, and a three-year system was established the following year. Fourteen years, the queen mother died, this is pro-government. In seventeen years, he moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, and in the following years, he vigorously promoted sinicization: Xianbei language was banned and all court officials under the age of thirty were required to speak Chinese; Prohibit Xianbei costumes and make Han costumes; Han and Tuoba and Yuan. The native place of Xianbei people who moved south was Luoyang, and they were buried in Luoyang after their death. Encourage intermarriage with Han people, and both oneself and the emperor's brother marry the daughters of Han aristocratic families; In the family system, the eight surnames of Xianbei and the five surnames of Han are the highest families, and all families raised by the same clan are not allowed to intermarry with literati; Review the new laws and regulations and courtiers with reference to the old laws and regulations of Han, Jin and Southern Dynasties. The satrap suggested that Tian Chou send courtiers to visit the people and send millet and silk to the poor and lonely people. Pro-temple Confucius Temple, the most learned Confucian doctor. In order to carry out restructuring, he once executed the prince and put down the rebellion of Xianbei nobles Long Yuan and vilen and bureaucrats Mu Tai and Liu Rui. Although he is a soldier, he still likes reading books, and the Five Classics, historical biographies and the words of a hundred schools of thought should all be involved. Sit and talk about Confucianism, be good at talking about Laozi and Zhuangzi, and especially explain. Poetry and songs are eulogized and written at will. Listen to politics and good words. He is also good at shooting, attacking the south many times, and wants to become a unified industry. In twenty-three years, he was embraced by his relatives and died in gutang's former palace. Posthumous title Wendi, the temple name is Gaozu.
The actual founder of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in Yu Wentai. First out of the Huns, then Yan returned to Wei and moved to Wuchuan (now Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia). After Prince Yuwen Jue proclaimed himself emperor, he respected him as Mao and died as Emperor Wen. In the aspect of political reform, Su Chuo's suggestion was adopted in the first year of the great unification, and six imperial edicts that local officials must abide by were formulated, namely, abstinence, reforming education, making the best use of things, virtue, supervision and everything. He also established the system of government soldiers and expanded the source of soldiers, which was followed by Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Hou Jing Rebellion: In the last years of Liang Xiao in the Southern Dynasties, Hou Jing, a general of the Northern Qi Dynasty, launched a rebellion. Hou Jing, the former defender of Huai Shuo Town (now Guyang South, Inner Mongolia) in the Northern Wei Dynasty, gradually rose to the meritorious history of the town. Gao Huan died, and Zi Gaocheng came to power. Hou Jing has always been very light and honest, honest and afraid of King's rebellion, so he recruited King into Beijing and deprived him of his military power. Hou Jing surrendered to the Western Wei Dynasty for fear of being killed, but the Western Wei Dynasty also moved the scene to Beijing, so the scene moved to Xiao Liang. Liang objected more, but said that the night dream was peaceful, Hou Jing wanted to fall, and the dream was fulfilled, so the scenery was sealed as the king of Yu, the general and the big stage. Liang Wudi sent troops to save Hou Jing, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty was defeated by Hanshan Weir. Coach Xiao Yuanming was captured and wiped out. The Eastern Wei Dynasty attacked Hou Jing again, leaving only more than 800 people and 40,000 people fleeing south to defraud Liang Shouyang City (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province). The Eastern Wei Dynasty then made a deviant plan, pretending to make peace with Liang and playing chess with Hou Jing. In March of the third year of Taiqing (549), Hou Jing captured Taicheng. When the city was broken, there were only two or three thousand people left in the city, and the bodies were everywhere, and the blood was scattered, which was terrible. Hou Jing is also slightly east of the Three Kingdoms, making the rich lower reaches of the Yangtze River "thousands of miles away, sparsely populated, with bones gathered like a mountain dragon" ("Southern History? Biography of Hou Jing "). After Hou Jing came to power, he killed Xiao Zhengde and put Liang Wudi under house arrest. Soon worried about his death, Jing made Xiaogang emperor and abolished Xiaogang and Xiaodong. In the first year of Tianzheng (55 1), Hou Jing finally abolished Xiao Tong and proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han. The following year, Liang defeated Hou and Wang Sengbian and captured Jiankang. Hou Jing escaped by boat and was killed by his men. The chaos at the scene lasted for five years.
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