Language and culture is a social phenomenon, which refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education and science.
The development of human society is a historical process (advanced productive forces constantly replace backward productive forces).
Hello! What is culture? Culture in a broad sense refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development.
It includes three aspects: material culture, institutional culture and psychological culture. Material culture refers to all kinds of material civilizations created by human beings, including transportation, clothing, daily necessities and so on. , and it is a visible dominant culture; Institutional culture and psychological culture refer to life system, family system, social system, way of thinking, religious belief and aesthetic taste respectively, and belong to intangible recessive culture. Including literature, philosophy, politics and other aspects.
The spiritual wealth created by human beings includes religions, beliefs, customs, moral sentiments, academic thoughts, literature and art, science and technology and various systems.
Culture in a broad sense focuses on the essential differences between human beings and general animals, human social and natural, and the unique lifestyle of human Li Zhuo in nature, which covers a wide range, so it is also called big culture. With the development of human science and technology, the methods and viewpoints of human understanding of the world are also undergoing fundamental changes. The definition of culture is becoming more and more open and reasonable.
"Culture is not unique to human beings. We should interpret culture with a more open and tolerant attitude. Culture is a so-called humanistic phenomenon originated from life, and it is innate. Many words or actions in life have innate cultural attributes, and we may only call them showing noble instincts. " -Li Er and the origin of the ship.
In a narrow sense, it refers to social ideology and corresponding institutions and organizations.
In a narrow sense, culture refers to people's common social habits, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, customs, lifestyles, behavioral norms and so on. 187 1 year, British culturist Taylor put forward the early classical theory of narrow culture in his book Primitive Culture, that is, culture is a complex whole including knowledge, belief, art, morality, law, customs and the abilities and habits acquired by anyone as a member of society.
Culture is the carrier of a nation's essence and the most fundamental and decisive force that determines a nation's destiny and future. What kind of culture, there will be what kind of nation. When culture loses its vitality, the nation will also face extinction.
Culture is related to the life and death of a nation, so what is culture? What is a concept and definition?
According to the general understanding, the more books people read, the more educated they are. In modern Chinese dictionaries, culture refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of historical development, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education and science. The word "culture" comes from the Latin culture in the west, which originally meant farming and plant cultivation. It has been gradually used since15th century, and the cultivation of people's morality and ability is also called culture. In China's ancient books, "Wen" not only refers to words, articles and literary talents, but also refers to the system of rites and music and legal provisions. "Culture" means "education" and "teaching behavior". From the perspective of social governance, "culture" refers to educating people with the system of rites and music. Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty said in Shuo Yuan: "Where martial arts flourish, it means that you don't accept it, and if your culture doesn't change, you will be punished." The word "culture" here is opposite to "martial arts" and contains the meaning of education. Wang Rong in Southern Qi Dynasty said in the Preface to Qushui Poetry: "Set the spirit to reason with scenery and customs, and apply culture with softness." The word "culture" also means enlightenment and education. The Chinese and western sources of the word "culture" reach the same goal by different routes. Now it is used to refer to the spiritual phenomenon of human society, or to refer to the sum of all material products and intangible products created by human beings. History, anthropology and sociology usually use broad cultural concepts.
There is no uniform definition of the word culture. In modern times, the British anthropologist E.B. Taylor was the first to give a clear definition of the word culture. He published the book Primitive Culture at 187 1. He pointed out: "From the ethnographic point of view, culture or civilization is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, ethics, laws, customs and any other abilities and habits acquired by people as members of a society through learning."
Although there is no unified definition of culture, it can be seen from various discourses on culture that culture is an abstract concept, an idea and a method, which has the function of stabilizing and promoting social development and change. Culture is the experience accumulated and recorded by people in long-term social practice. Due to the different geographical distribution and huge geographical environment in the world, different people have mastered and accumulated different practical experiences. In the early period of human relative isolation, the cultures of different people adapted to different ethnic areas and guided the social development of different people. When human civilization, especially material civilization, has made a great leap, when regional limitations have been washed away, people suddenly find that there are all kinds of rich and colorful cultures on our earth.
Culture is an idea and a method, so culture, like human society, is not static, but developing and changing. Culture has stability, but this stability is relative, just like the sun, which we call a star and think is eternal. However, with the progress of science, our understanding has expanded. As the core planet of the solar system, the sun also moves near the deeper center of the Milky Way. The sun must move. Can the culture of human beings and a nation remain unchanged or can it be kept unchanged?
The stabilizing effect of culture is relative and needs to adapt to different stages of social development. Historically, when Chinese culture broke through the Yellow River valley, our ancestors also embraced and absorbed many cultures from other regions and nationalities. Compared with the Chinese culture in the Yellow River valley, the Miao culture in the south, the Qiang culture in the west and other non-Yellow River valley cultures belong to foreign cultures. Our ancestors were enlightened and advanced in ancient times. They pay attention to their own culture, and at the same time absorb and learn from the experience and methods of people in other regions, and finally form Chinese culture with Chinese culture as the core, which has influenced the history of China for thousands of years. If China culture can't absorb the culture of other regions at that time, it can't gain a foothold in other regions, and it can't effectively accommodate other populations and nationalities. If we didn't actively absorb the culture of other populations at that time, it would be impossible to fully apply to other areas outside the Yellow River Basin only by relying on the culture of the Yellow River Basin itself. We will be conservative and backward, and the result will definitely be to limit our own development and eventually be annexed by other races.
The Chinese nation has a civilization history of 5,000 years. For most of human history, China's culture was advanced and mature. Our history and culture are self-contained and have a strong self-improvement mechanism. So in modern times, China culture reached its peak, and it was able to influence other cultures, but it was difficult to be influenced by other cultures. Other cultures learn from China culture, while China culture seldom learns from other cultures seriously.
Contrary to our China culture, some ethnic groups that started relatively late in human history, such as those in northwest Europe, have been in an unstable state for a long time because of their complicated geographical environment and late cultural development. They are eager for experience, have a demand for methods, have a more urgent demand for culture than the Chinese nation, and the cultural integration between ethnic groups is faster than ours. Bad natural conditions force rapid changes in regional culture to adapt to unstable living conditions. In order to obtain resources and wealth, people are eager to explore and contact the outside world. In the east, Europeans actively seek Chinese civilization and actively absorb eastern culture, including Indian culture and Babylonian culture; To the west, actively explore and discover new land; South first crossed the Mediterranean, crossed the Sahara desert and colonized Africa. Visiting and exploring other civilizations outside the region has promoted European cultural and economic progress and promoted the development of innovation and science and technology. Europe ushered in the earliest period of great development of human capitalism, which was the result of the accumulation and innovation of human culture and changed the procedure of human history.
After the bourgeois culture entered the capitalist society, it also experienced cultural development and changes in different periods, from early plunder and slaughter to cruel colonial rule, to the mutual struggle of imperialism, and to the stable development of capitalism today. Among them, culture is constantly changing, and the driving force of cultural change is the spiritual demand brought about by the development of material civilization.
Due to cultural conservatism, the Chinese nation showed signs of decline at the early stage of the development of world capitalism. The Chinese nation knows very little about the development and changes of western nations, and is unaware of the huge cultural differences with the West, and even less aware of the serious dangers contained in such huge cultural differences. The Chinese nation was left behind by the western powers. When the West entered the period of modern civilization, China remained at the cultural and ideological level two thousand years ago. "The Art of War" says, "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible, so you should know your opponent. To know an opponent is to know his culture, because his culture is his idea and method. After more than 100 years of painful history, one unequal treaty after another, and a poor and weak nation, the Chinese nation finally realized the bitter fruit brought by cultural differences step by step, and the Chinese nation can no longer stand by and watch the ancient culture. Learning from the west began step by step in this bitter cultural reflection.
Simple clothing, rough and savage commerce, high-speed and fierce warships and efficient rifles are all achievements of an advanced civilization and accumulation of an advanced culture.
To survive, the Chinese nation must face advanced civilization and culture. If the Chinese nation wants to survive, it can only absorb and integrate advanced culture. As a matter of fact, controlling foreigners by barbarians is a deep suspicion of their own culture, and they have gradually taken the step of developing China culture into modern culture. Westernization movement is the material understanding of this development, which promotes the contact and research of spiritual concepts. When the fire of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 kindled meager hopes, China society changed from material form to political and cultural level, and it was reformed on1September 28th, 988. * * * in the late Qing Dynasty is not only a stumbling block to the social development of China, but also a stumbling block to the cultural development of the Chinese nation and the absorption of advanced culture. Representatives of declining cultures are also doomed to extinction. If China wants to develop and get rid of the national crisis, it is necessary to remove stumbling blocks, eliminate decadent machines and clear the way for the New Culture Movement. Without advanced culture as the foundation, it is impossible to have advanced social thoughts and a powerful nation and country. The May 4th Movement was a vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movement, which started the democratic revolution in China and promoted the development of new culture. The May 4th Movement created two political parties with the concept of the times. Although China's society was still very backward more than 80 years ago, advanced bourgeois ideas and communist ideas were born. It's like a huge ship. Although it is difficult to sail, its course has been set. The difference between advanced thought, advanced culture and traditional conservative culture is increasingly recognized by people. People are no longer stubborn. They took off their troublesome robes, put on simple clothes and threw away their broadswords and spears. With rifles and rifled guns, people no longer bowed to the emperor, people began to understand democracy and freedom, cultural changes laid the foundation for social changes, and the Chinese nation finally returned to a period of stable development.
Today, our social development is relatively stable, there is no more bloody struggle, and culture, economy and society have entered a relatively stable development period. In this peaceful environment, the communication between people, races and nations is more convenient and fast, and various cultures appear and appear at the same time. What shall we do, refuse or accept? If we accept it, will we lose our own culture?
Historical experience tells us that culture is inexorable, no culture is static, and cultural stability is relative. A great and advanced national culture is developing and changing. It has enough space to absorb the advanced cultures of other nationalities and integrate with its own culture to create methods that conform to modern concepts and are suitable for future development. This is the task of our contemporary culture.
So where should our traditional culture go? Traditional culture has played an important role in our historical development, and we should not forget it. But if traditional culture can't keep up with the trend of the times, we should re-examine it, pass on the useful essence, and then put those cultures that are not suitable for modern and future into museums and history textbooks for future people to learn or learn from.
Cultural differences are influenced by regional environment. A culture is suitable for one geographical group, but not necessarily for all geographical groups. We can learn from it, but we don't have to copy it. We should study and get to know each other. In modern society, the earth is like a small village with a large population mobility. We may live in our hometown, go to other places, or go to other countries, and meet people of other nationalities and races. It is meaningful for us to know more about the cultures of other nationalities for communication, population spread and expansion.
What is culture? Reading culture is a very broad concept in modern society. It is difficult to give it a strict and precise definition. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of their respective disciplines. However, there is no accepted and satisfactory definition so far. According to statistics, "culture" has at least 200 different definitions. Generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, a product created by people for a long time, a historical phenomenon and a precipitation of social history. To be exact, culture is condensed in the material and dissociated from the material, such as history, geography, customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking and values. What a country or nation can inherit is generally recognized as an ideology that can be inherited in human communication. Culture is something that can be integrated into human spiritual civilization.
Culture is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth in the process of social and historical development-please understand that in the process of human history, culture develops with the development of history, is produced in people's social and material life, and is only expressed in the form of spirit or thought. It can also be said that culture comes from life but is higher than life. As a specific social ideology, it contains the material life and spiritual life of human beings in a certain era. After all, culture is expressed in an abstract form, but for a book produced by human beings, you can't say it is culture, but the spirit or idea embodied in its content is that it will play a greater role as spiritual wealth.
The role of totem culture in the process of social development Totem culture is a variety of cultural phenomena derived from the concept of totem, that is, various cultural phenomena created by people in primitive times to express their reverence for totems after they regarded totems as relatives, ancestors or protectors. These cultural phenomena are collectively referred to as totemi *** phenomena in English.
Totem is that people in primitive times regard an animal, a plant or an inanimate object as their relatives, ancestors or protectors. I believe that they will not only hurt themselves, but also protect themselves and gain their superhuman strength, courage and skills. People respect them and generally don't hurt them. Clans, families and other social organizations are named after totems and marked by totems.
Culture is formed and accumulated by human beings in social and historical development, and its characteristics are psychology and integration. Answer × Why? It is also unique. Because the composition of culture is in a certain composition, only the uniqueness of the region can distinguish it from others, and others can learn and inherit it. View original post >>