From the establishment of 1965 to 2005, ADI (new york Stock Exchange code: ADI) has experienced a long history, made brilliant achievements and set a milestone for its 40th anniversary. Looking back on the successful course of ADI, it started from a humble laboratory in the basement of an apartment building in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and after more than 40 years of efforts, it has developed into one of the best suppliers of licensed semiconductors in the world.
ADI regards innovation, performance and Excellence as the cultural pillars of the enterprise, and on this basis, it has grown into one of the most sustained and rapid growth enterprises in this technology field. Analog devices is recognized as a global leader in data conversion and signal processing technology, with 60,000 customers worldwide, covering all types of electronic equipment manufacturers. As a high-performance analog integrated circuit (IC) manufacturer leading the industry for more than 40 years, ADI's products are widely used in analog signal and digital signal processing fields. The company is headquartered in Norwood, Massachusetts, USA, with design and manufacturing bases all over the world. ADI's shares are listed on the new york Stock Exchange and included in the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. P 500 index).
The digital signal processing chip (DSP:Digital sigal Processor) produced by analog devices, the representative series are ADSP Sharc 2 1 1xx (low-end field), ADSP Tiger Sharc101,20 1 (high-end field) and ADSP BLA.
Compared with the chip features produced by another famous Texas Instruments, ADSP has the advantages of powerful floating-point operation and SIMD (single instruction multiple data) programming, and the relatively new Blackfin series consumes less power than TI products of the same level. The disadvantage is that ADSP is not as optimized as TI's C language compilation. TI popularized C language programming. However, the performance of AD chip depends on the programmer's programming level. ADSP's powerful data transmission ability is a major feature, but it is not stable enough to use and difficult to debug.
Visual DSP ++2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 programming environments provided by ADI can support the development and debugging of software personnel.
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National Instrument Company (NI) helps engineers and scientists in the fields of test, control and design to solve various challenges from design, prototype to release. Through ready-made software such as LabVIEW and modular hardware with high performance-to-price ratio, NI helps engineers in various fields to innovate constantly, shorten the time of product coming out and effectively reduce the development cost. Today, NI provides various application options for 30,000 different customers all over the world. Headquartered in Austin, Texas, USA, NI has branches in 40 countries and * * * has more than 5,200 employees. In the past 12 years, American Fortune magazine selected Ni as one of the 65,438+000 best employers in the United States. As one of the largest overseas branches, Ni China has perfect product sales, technical support, after-sales service and a strong R&D team.
In the early 1970s, three young people, Dr. James Chuchard, Bill Norlin and Jeff Kodosky, worked in the applied research laboratory of the University of Texas in Austin. Because of their research on the US Navy project, these people used early computer technology to collect and analyze data. At that time, they were very frustrated by the inefficiency of data collection methods, so they decided to create a new product to make their task easier. 1976, in the garage of James Chuchard's house, three young people set up a company.
At first, the company had the ideas of "Longhorn Instrument" and "Texas Data" when it was named, but it was rejected when it submitted its application, so it finally adopted its current name: "National Instrument".
After the company was established, it borrowed 1 million dollars from Interfirst Bank and bought a small computer PDP- 1 1. Setting up and building GPIB interface was the first project that the company took over, and the first successful order was sold to Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio. As the three were hired by the school, on 1977, they hired the first batch of full-time staff to take charge of orders, bills and customer service. With the expansion of the company's transaction volume, they moved to a 56-square-meter office in 1978.
1980, three people resigned from the school to devote themselves to the development of the company, and the company also moved to an office of 500 square meters. In order to help generate income, the company took over many special projects, including the credit card system of the oil pump and the waveform generator needed for the sonar test of the US Navy. By 198 1, the company had reached the sales mark of 1 million dollars, so they moved to a larger office of 1000 square meters in 1982.
1986, LabVIEW, a famous graphic development system based on Mac, went online. The software enables engineers and scientists to use graphics such as "wires" to program vividly, instead of inputting text according to codes as before. Through the more intuitive use of people and the simplification of the frame structure, the productivity has been greatly improved, making LabVIEW popular as soon as it was released. The following year, LabWindows, a new version of LabVIEW based on DOS environment, was released. With the launch of this flagship product, Ni put forward the slogan of "software is instrument" and created a new concept of virtual instrument.
At this time, American National Instrument Company has 65,438+000 employees. In order to improve the enthusiasm of employees, every achievement of employees will be praised. 1987, the company decided to sell its products directly instead of continuing through agents, so it opened its first international branch in Tokyo, Japan.
1990, the company moved to a building near Austin Lake, and 199 1 year. Because it is close to a local bridge, it is also called "Silicon Hill = Bridge Point". 199 1 year, the company obtained the first patent through LabVIEW. Since then, they have invented SCXI, LabWindows/CVI and opened NI Park.
In 2002, the company opened its first overseas factory in Debrecen, the second largest city in Hungary.
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Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, HKEx: 4335) is headquartered in California, USA. Its engineering department, sales department and six chip manufacturing plants are located in Portland, Oregon, USA. Robert noyce and Gordon Moore, the founders of Intel, originally hoped that the name of their new company would be a combination of their names-Moore Noyce, but when they went to the industrial and commercial bureau for registration, they found that the name had been registered by a hotel chain first. As a last resort, they adopted the abbreviation of "integrated electronics" as the company name. At present, the top management is Chairman Craig Barrett and President and CEO paul otellini.
With the popularity of personal computers, Intel has become the world's largest technology giant in designing and producing semiconductors. Provide building blocks for the growing computer industry in the world, including microprocessors, chipsets, motherboards, systems and software. These products are part of the standard computer architecture. The industry uses these products to design and manufacture advanced computers for end users. Intel Corporation is committed to providing building blocks for the growing global Internet economy in terms of clients, servers, network communications, Internet solutions and Internet services.
Specific research areas include audio/video signal processing and PC-based related applications, as well as advanced compilation technology and runtime system research that can promote the design of future microstructures and next-generation processors. There are also Intel China Software Lab, Intel Architecture Development Lab, Intel Internet Exchange Architecture Lab and Intel Wireless Technology Development Center. In addition, Intel has also developed IA-64-bit compilers with well-known domestic universities and research institutions such as Computing Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and achieved gratifying results.
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Founding origin
1955, william shockley, the "father of transistors", left Bell Laboratories to set up Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories, and attracted many talented young scientists to join, but soon, shockley's management methods and strange behaviors caused dissatisfaction among employees. Among them, robert noyce, Gordon Moore, Julius Blank, Eugene Clare, Kim Henny, Jay Hong Lin, Sheldon Roberts and Victor Grinik, who were called the Eight Rebellions by shockley, resigned in June of 1957+ 10 and founded Fairchild Semiconductor Company. Andy Grove joined Fairchild Semiconductor Company on 1963 at the invitation of Gordon Moore.
Due to the rapid development of Fairchild Semiconductor, the internal organization management and product problems are becoming more and more unbalanced. 1In July 1968, robert noyce and Gordon Moore, two founders of Fairchild Semiconductor, resigned. 16 In July, they co-founded Intel Corporation in the name of integrated electronics. Andy Grove also volunteered to follow in Gordon Moore's footsteps and become the third employee of Intel.
According to Andy Grove's oral autobiography, if he is the third employee of the company, he is "one of the founders of Intel". But in terms of ownership, he was the first employee to join voluntarily because he was not invited to buy shares at the price of 1 USD.
Development history of microprocessor
197 1 year: 4004 microprocessor
The 4004 processor is Intel's first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention not only becomes a powerful power source of Busicom calculator, but also opens up a future road in which machines and equipment can be embedded with intelligence like personal computers.
1972: 8008 microprocessor
The processing power of 8008 processor is twice that of 4004 processor. An article in Radio Electronics Magazine 1974 mentioned a device with 8008 processor, which was one of the first computers made for home use-but according to today's standards, Mark-8 is neither easy to manufacture and assemble, nor easy to maintain and operate.
1974: 8080 microprocessor
Altair, the world's first personal computer, used an 8080 processor as its brain-it is said that Altair came from the TV series Star Trek, which is one of the goals of the Enterprise spacecraft in the film. Computer enthusiasts can buy an Altair for $395. In just a few months, tens of thousands of such computers have been sold, setting a record for the first delay in delivery of personal computers in history.
1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor
A key deal between Intel and IBM's new PC division made the 8088 processor the brain of IBM's new flagship product, IBM PC. The great success of 8088 made Intel one of the top 500 companies in the world and was rated as one of the "most successful companies in the 1970s" by Fortune magazine.
1982: 286 microprocessor
Originally named 80286, Intel 286 is Intel's first processor capable of running all the software written for its previous generation. This powerful software compatibility has also become one of the important characteristics of Intel microprocessor family. In the six years after the product was released, about150,000 PCs with 286 processors were produced worldwide.
1985: Intel 386? 6? Microprocessor 4
Intel 386? 6? The microprocessor has 275,000 transistors, which is more than 65,438+000 times that of the early 4004 processor. The processor is a 32-bit chip with multi-task processing ability, which means that it can run multiple programs at the same time.
1989: Intel 486 6? 4 DX CPU microprocessor
Intel 486? 6? In a real sense, the processor shows that users have entered a new era of one-click operation from the era of relying on input commands to run computers. David K. Allison, a technical historian at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, recalled, "That was the first time I had such a color display computer and finished my typesetting work on the desktop so quickly." Intel 486? 6? For the first time, the processor joined the built-in mathematical coprocessor, which separated the complex mathematical functions from the central processor and greatly improved the operation speed.
1993: Intel Pentium processor
Intel Pentium processors make it easier for computers to integrate data in the "real world" (such as voice, sound, handwriting and pictures). The Intel Pentium processor promoted through comics and TV talk shows quickly became a well-known brand as soon as it was launched.
1995: Intel Pentium processor
1Intel Pentium processor released in the autumn of 1995 is designed to support 32-bit server and workstation applications, as well as high-speed computer-aided design, mechanical engineering and scientific computing. Every Intel Pentium processor is packaged with a second-level cache chip that can be accelerated again. The powerful Intel Pentium processor has as many as 5.5 million transistors. Can't meet the market demand and die prematurely.
1997: Intel II (Pentium II processor
The Intel Pentium II processor has 7.5 million transistors and uses MMX? 6? 4 technology, designed for efficient processing of video, audio and graphics data. The product is packaged in an innovative single-side contact card box (S.E.C) and integrated into a cache chip. With this chip, PC users can capture, edit and enjoy digital photos with friends and family through the Internet. You can also edit home movies and add words, music or scene transitions; You can even use a videophone to send videos to the Internet through a standard telephone line.
1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon processor
Intel Pentium II Xeon processors are designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-to high-end servers and workstations. According to Intel's strategy of providing exclusive processor products for specific markets, the technological innovations of Intel Pentium II Xeon processors are specially designed for commercial applications required by workstations and servers, such as Internet services, enterprise data storage, digital content creation, and electronic and mechanical design automation. A computer system based on this processor can be configured with four or eight processors, or even more.
1999: Intel Celeron processor
As a continuation of Intel's strategy of developing products for specific markets, Intel Celeron processors are designed for the economical computer market. The processor provides excellent cost performance for consumers and excellent performance for applications such as games and educational software.
1999: Intel III (Pentium III processor
The 70 innovative instructions of the Intel Pentium III processor-SIMD extensions for Internet streaming-significantly enhance the performance required for processing advanced images, 3D, audio streaming, video and speech recognition. The product aims to greatly enhance the Internet experience, allowing users to browse realistic online museums and shops and download high-quality videos. The processor integrates 9.5 million transistors and adopts 0.25 micron technology.
1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon processor
Intel Pentium III Xeon processor expands Intel's products for workstation and server market, providing additional performance to support e-commerce applications and high-end business computing. This processor integrates 70 SIMD instructions of Intel Pentium III processor, which significantly enhances the performance of multimedia and video streaming applications. The advanced cache technology of Intel Pentium III Xeon processor accelerates the transmission of information from the system bus to the processor, which greatly improves the performance. Processors are designed for systems with multiprocessor configurations.
2000: Intel 4 (Pentium 4 processor
Personal computer users based on Intel Pentium 4 processor can make professional quality movies; Sending TV-like videos through the network; Use real-time video voice tools to communicate; Render 3D graphics in real time; Quickly encode music for MP3 players; Run multiple multimedia applications while connecting to the Internet. When the processor was first introduced, it had 42 million transistors and only 0. 18 micron circuit lines. The running speed of Intel's first microprocessor 4004 is 108KHz, while the initial speed of Intel Pentium 4 processor has reached1.5ghz. If the speed can be increased similarly, it only takes 13 seconds to drive from San Francisco to new york.
200 1: Intel Xeon processor
The application targets of Intel Xeon processors are those upcoming high-performance and mid-range two-socket workstations, as well as servers with two-socket and multi-socket configurations. The platform provides customers with a brand-new choice of operating system and application, and has the advantages of high performance and low price. Compared with systems based on Intel Pentium III Xeon processors, the performance of workstations using Intel Xeon processors is expected to increase by about 30% to 90%, depending on the application and configuration. The processor is based on Intel NetBurst? 6? 4 architecture, designed to provide computing power for video and audio applications, advanced Internet technology and complex 3D graphics.
200 1: Intel Itanium processor.
Intel Itanium processor is the first product of Intel 64-bit processor family. The processor is developed and manufactured on the basis of a new architecture based on Intel's Concise Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) design technology, and is specially designed for high-end enterprise servers and workstations. The processor can provide the best performance in the world for the most demanding enterprises and high-performance computing applications, including e-commerce secure transactions, large databases, computer-aided mechanical engineering and complex scientific and engineering calculations.
2002: Intel An Teng 2 Processor (An Teng 2) Intel Pentium 4/ Hyper-Threading Processor.
Intel An Teng 2 processor is the second member of Itanium processor family, and it is also an enterprise processor. This processor family provides excellent performance and economies of scale of Intel architecture for data-intensive, business-critical and technically demanding computing applications. This processor can provide leading performance for database, computer-aided engineering and online transaction security.
Intel's new Intel Pentium 4 processor includes the innovative Hyper-Threading (HT) technology. Hyper-threading technology has created a new level of high-performance desktop computer, which can quickly execute multiple computing applications at the same time, or bring higher performance to software supporting multi-threading. Hyper-threading technology has improved computer performance by 25%. In addition to providing hyper-threading technology for desktop users, Intel has also achieved another computer milestone, namely, the Pentium 4 processor running at 3.06GHz, which is the first commercial microprocessor to execute 3 billion operation cycles per second. Such excellent performance was attributed to the most advanced 0. 13 micron technology in the industry at that time. In the following year, the clock of Intel Pentium 4 processor with built-in hyper-threading technology reached 3.2GHz.
2003: Intel M (Pentium M)/ Celeron M processor
Intel Pentium M processor, Intel 855 chipset family, Intel PRO/ Wireless 2 100 network card is Intel Centrino? 6? Four main components of mobile computing technology. Intel Centrino mobile computing technology is specially designed for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN function and breakthrough innovative mobile performance. The processor supports longer battery life and lighter and thinner laptop shapes.
2005: Intel Pentium D processor
The debut of the first Intel Pentium D processor with two processing cores officially opened the multi-core era of x86 processors. (Nicknamed Binuclear Glue, others call it that for a reason. PD has this title because of its high frequency, low energy and high noise. )
2005: Intel Core processors
This is Intel's first step towards the core architecture. However, the Core processor does not adopt the Core architecture, but is between NetBurst and Core (the first processor based on the core architecture is Core 2). Initially, the core processor is oriented to the mobile platform, which is a module of Intel Centrino 3. But then Apple turned to the Intel platform, and the desktop was the core processor.
Core makes dual-core technology realized on mobile platform for the first time. Similar to the later Core 2, there are still several versions of Core: Duo dual-core version and Solo single-core version. There are also several low-voltage models that can meet users who have high requirements for power saving.
2006: Intel Core 2/ Celeron dual-core processor.
Core micro-architecture desktop/mobile processor: The core code of desktop processor is Conroe. It will be named Core 2 Duo/Extreme series, and its E6700 2.6GHz model has 40% higher performance and 40% higher power saving efficiency than the most powerful Intel Pentium D 960(3.6GHz) processor previously introduced. The Core 2 Duo processor contains 29,654.38 billion transistors. Mobile processor core code. It is the processor module of Centrino 3.5 and Centrino 4. Of course, there are differences between the two Core 2, and the most important thing is to upgrade the FSB from 667MHz/533MHz to 800MHz.
2007: Processors for Intel Quad-Core Servers
Intel introduced several Quad-core desktop chips as part of its dual-core quad and Extreme series. In the server field, Intel will provide at least 9 Xeons quad-core processors in its low-voltage 3500 and 7300 series.
2007: Intel QX9770 Quad-Core Xeon 45nm Processor
Advanced technology brings energy saving and calmness, and the introduction of HI-K makes CPU more stable. With the advanced SSE4. 1 instruction set, fast divider and excellent execution efficiency, Intel maintains the leading position in the processor.
2008: Intel Atom processor
The ultra-low power processor as low as 0.6W brings you energy saving and calmness beyond imagination.
Future: Intel Larrabee Program
Larrabee core evolved from P54C of 1990, which is the second Pentium processor. Of course, the production process has evolved to 45nm, and a lot of new technologies have been added to make it younger.
When Larrabee is released, it will have 32 IA cores (the current example is 16/24), support 64-bit technology, and may support MMX instruction set. In fact, Larrabee's instruction set is called AVX (Advanced Vector Instruction Set), with integer 5 12 bits and floating point 1024 bits. Stiller estimates that Larrabee's theoretical single-precision floating-point performance per Hz is 32Flops, which means that it can exceed 2TFlops at 2GHz.
Intel TerraFlops 80 core processor
The "80-core" here is just a concept, which does not mean that the processor has exactly 80 physical cores, but that the processor has a large number of cores with large-scale parallel processing capabilities. TerraFlops processor will have at least 28 cores, and different cores have different processing fields. The operation speed of the whole processor will reach trillions of times per second, which is equivalent to the speed of a supercomputer that is still out of reach for ordinary users. At present, TerraFlops only accepts commercial and government users, but according to Intel's plan, individual users will also use multi-core processors with trillions of computing power in the future.
The Intel processor core has a function called "wide dynamic execution". More importantly, its working power consumption is lower than Netburst architecture which provides processing power for Pentium 4. "We expect to adopt 100% nuclear microarchitecture from top to bottom by the end of this year," Otellini said. "This year, we are updating all products at a very fast speed, and even infiltrating into the fields of Pentium processors and Celeron processors with variants of nuclear microarchitecture. This gives us a leading position in performance in every field and gives us a high cost advantage. "
On March 26th, paul otellini, President and CEO of Intel Corporation, announced in Beijing that Intel will invest $2.5 billion to build an advanced 300mm wafer manufacturing plant in Dalian.
2008 165438+ 10/7: Intel released the Core i7 processor.
The next generation desktop processor based on the new Nehalem architecture will follow the name of "Core" and be named "Intel Core i7" series, and the name of the Extreme Edition will be "Intel Core i7 Extreme" series. Server processors of the same architecture will continue to use the name "Xeon".
Intel Core i7 is a 45nm native quad-core processor with 8MB L3 cache and three channels of DDR3 memory. The processor adopts LGA 1366 pin design and supports the second generation of hyper-threading technology, that is, the processor can run eight threads. According to the tests circulating on the Internet, the performance of the same-frequency Core i7 is much higher than that of the Core 2 quad-core.
Based on the previous data, Intel will first release three Intel Core i7 processors with frequencies of 3.2GHz, 2.93GHz and 2.66GHz. The 3.2GHz processor belongs to Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition, and the price of the processor is $999. Of course, this top processor is aimed at users with fever. The lower frequency 2.66GHz is priced at 284 USD, about 1.940 RMB, which is aimed at ordinary consumers. A new generation of Core i7 processors will be launched in the fourth quarter of 2008. On June 5438+065438+1October 18, 2008, Intel released three Core i7 processors, namely Core i7 920, Core i7 940 and Core i7 965.
The ability of Core i7 is about three times that of Core 2 Extreme qx9770(3.2GHz). At the Intel Developer Forum, Intel staff demonstrated CineBench R 10 multithreading rendering using Core i7 3.2GHz processor. After the rendering started, eight threads of the four cores started to work at the same time, and a complete picture appeared on the screen in only 19 seconds, with a score of over 45,800. In contrast, core2 extreme qx9770 3.2GHz can only get about 12000 points, and overclocking to 4.0GHz barely exceeds 15000 points, less than one third of core i7.
1. Micro-architecture based on Nehalem
2.2-8 cores.
3. Built-in three-channel DDR3 memory controller.
4. Each kernel has its own 256KB L2 cache.
5.8 MB * * * Enjoy the third-level cache.
6.SSE 4.2 instruction set (seven new instructions).
7. Hyper-threading technology.
8.Turbo mode (automatic overclocking).
9. Micro-architecture optimization (supporting macro fusion in 64-bit mode, improving the performance of ring data flow monitor, 6 data transmission ports, etc.). )
10. Improve the performance of the prediction unit and add the second component to support the alignment cache.
1 1. The second group 5 12 TLB.
12. Improve the performance of non-integer SSE instructions.
13. Improve the performance of virtual machines (according to Intel official data, the two-way virtual delay of Nehalem is increased by 60% compared with 65nm Core 2, and by 20% compared with 45nm Core 2 products).
A new QPI bus.
15. new energy management unit.
16.45 nm process, followed by 32 nm process product, code name Westmere.
17. The new 1366 pin interface.
Nehalem is equivalent to a 65nm product and has the following most important new functions.
1.sse4. 1 instruction set (47 sse instructions added).
2. Deep sleep technology (C6 sleep, only for mobile chips).
3. Enhanced Intel Dynamic Acceleration (for mobile chips only).
4. Fast radix-16 frequency divider and super shuffling engine to improve the performance of FPU.
5. Enhanced virtual technology improves the interactive performance between virtual machines by 25%-75%.
Compared with the core microarchitecture, the core part of Nehalem has been improved by the following parts:
Cache design: three-level all-inclusive cache design is adopted, and the design of L 1 is the same as the core micro-architecture; L2 adopts ultra-low latency design, and each core has 256KB L2 cache; . On the other hand, L3 is designed in * * * mode, which is used by all cores on the chip.
Integrated Memory Controller (IMC): The memory controller has been transferred from Northbridge chipset to CPU chip, which supports three channels of DDR3 memory, greatly reducing the memory read delay, and at the same time, the memory bandwidth has been greatly improved, up to three times.
QPI: a point-to-point connection technology to replace the front-end bus (FSB). The bandwidth of 20-bit QPI connection can reach an astonishing 25.6GB per second, far exceeding the original FSB. QPI can initially shine on a server platform supporting multiple processors, and QPI can be used for interconnection between multiple processors.
Compared with the core microarchitecture, the new functions of the core part of Nehalem mainly include the following aspects:
New SSE4.2 instruction (newly added SSE 4.2 instruction)
Turbo mode (kernel acceleration mode)
Improved lock bracket (improved lock bracket)
Additional cache hierarchy (new cache hierarchy)
Deeper buffer (deeper buffer)
Improved circular flow (improved circular flow)
Synchronous multithreading (synchronous multithreading)
Faster Virtualization (Faster Virtualization)
Better branch prediction (better branch prediction)
The fourth quarter of 2009
Clarkdale will be launched in the fourth quarter of this year, with LGA 1 156 interface, dual-core and four threads. It is not only the first 32nm process chip of Intel (and the whole industry), but also the first processor with integrated graphics core. The corresponding mobile phone version of Arrandale adopts a similar architecture, but it will not be released until next year.
However, it is worth noting that only the processor part on Clarkdale is 32nm, and the independent graphics core (and dual-channel DDR3 memory controller) on the same substrate is still 45nm.
The birth of eight nuclear processor 20 10
On March 30th, 20 10, Intel Corporation announced the launch of Intel Xeon processor 7500 series, which can be used to build server systems from two-way to up to 256-way.
chip
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