Knowledge point 1: ancient humans
Ancient human time tools
Manufacturing production
Living society
Fire organization
Remarks on place of use
Yuanmou man made stone tools to collect and hunt social natural kindling about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago. Yuanmou was the earliest in Yunnan.
Characteristics of ape-man preserved in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, 700,000 ~ 200,000 years ago.
Knowledge point 2: the characteristics of clan settlement (human beings enter the farming age)
Residents Banpo settlement Hemudu settlement
Regional Yellow River Basin (North) Representative: banpo village Yangtze River Basin (South) Representative: Hemudu Village, Yuyao, Zhejiang
Semi-basement dry fence house
Planting millet and rice in agricultural production
Tools grinding stone tools grinding stone tools and bone tools
Pottery painted pottery (painted pottery basin with fish pattern on face, 19 page) black pottery (black pottery bowl depicting pig pattern)
Knowledge point 3: the legendary era
1. Legendary historical contribution of Yan Di and Huangdi: Yan Di (Shennong) was the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China. It is said that he taught farm tools, taught farming, tasted herbs and invented medicines; Invent pottery and open the market. Huangdi: He built palaces, ships, weapons, clothes and so on. His wife Kun Zu invented the technology of raising silkworms and spinning silk.
2. The difference between legends and historical facts:
Ancient legends are exaggerated descriptions of ancient history by ancestors before the invention of writing, which have mythical elements and some reliable basis. Historical facts are completely true and objective historical facts.
3. Why do we call ourselves descendants of the Chinese people? Yan Di and Huangdi joined hands to occupy the main body of the Chinese nation in the Central Plains, and Yan Di and Huangdi were honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation. We are all descendants of the Chinese people.
4. The image of the dragon: The dragon is the fusion of many tribal totems, which reflects the course of different tribes from war to alliance, and then constitutes the main body of the Chinese nation.
5. Franchise system and hereditary system;
Concession system: (existed in the period of Yao, Shun and Yu) the method of producing tribal alliance leaders through democratic elections. "public world"
Hereditary system: (from Xia Dynasty to the end of feudal society) refers to the hereditary throne (throne) of a family, where the father dies and the son succeeds and the brothers die together. It is a system of "home is the world".
6. Enlightenment of Dayu's water control: ① Enlightenment-innovation ② Enlightenment-perseverance and never give up. Revelation 3: Human beings and the environment should live in harmony and realize sustainable development. Environmental awareness should be established
Knowledge point 4: Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
1. Pan Geng moved to Yin: Pan Geng, the king of Shang Dynasty, moved to Yin, and the Shang Dynasty was stable. 2. King Wu's attack: In 1046 BC, King Wu defeated Shang Zhouwang through the battle of Makino, and the Shang Dynasty perished.
3. Feudal system: Reason: The Western Zhou Dynasty has a vast territory, in order to strengthen the consolidation of surrounding areas.
Content: King Zhou's land and subjects were all given to the princes, who obeyed orders, governed the vassal states and defended the Zhou royal family.
Functions: ① Maintaining the rule of slave owners and nobles; (2) Close the relationship between ethnic minorities and promote the economic and cultural development in remote areas.
Disadvantages: in the long run, it will form a situation in which the princes will be separated and separate, which is not conducive to national unity.
4. Changes in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Knowledge point 5: Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period
Enlightenment of the demise of Xia-Shang Dynasty to Xia-Shang-Western Zhou Dynasty;
1. Those who win the hearts of the people will win the world, and those who lose the hearts of the people will lose the world.
2. Rulers should be diligent and love the people, and policies should be in line with the people's hearts. People should be meritocratic and open to suggestions.
A dissolute and tyrannical monarch will be abandoned by the people.
The founding king Zhou Yutang Wu Wang.
Zhou Youwang, the king of national subjugation.
1. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong: the first tyrant in the Spring and Autumn Period: a big country in the East, rich in fish and salt; Appoint Guan Zhong to reform the country's prosperity; Put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries". (Kwai Qiu Huimeng achieved hegemony)/Jin Wengong: The Battle of Chengpu (to be honest, running away from home)/Chu Zhuangwang: Winning the Central Plains (if you don't say it, it will be a blockbuster)/Qin Mugong, Song Xianggong.
2. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: the central government of Zhao Yandong, Xi, Nan and Bei of Qi State.
Union: the six countries unite the north and the south to jointly resist Qin; Lian Heng: The State of Qin took advantage of the contradictions among the six countries, making friends far away and attacking near, and breaking them one by one.
Military strategists in the Warring States Period were Zhang Yi of Qin State and Gongsun Yan of Wei State. The result of uniting with Lian Heng: The five countries were in chaos, and the state of Qin became more and more powerful.
Knowledge point 6: Social change
1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware began to be widely used. During the Warring States Period, Niu Geng began to be used. The use of iron farm tools and the popularization of Niu Geng marked the remarkable progress of social productive forces at that time. The development of productive forces makes individual production possible. It gradually replaced the large-scale forced collective farming (Thousand Couples and Yun Qi in the Western Zhou Dynasty), and historical records recorded that "the public worked late" and "the field was divided quickly" in this period. The emerging landlord class began to step onto the historical stage, and countries began to carry out political reforms.
2. Shang Yang Reform: It was the most thorough reform in all countries during the Warring States Period (time: 356 BC).
Contents: Main contents: measures to enrich the people-encouraging production and recognizing private ownership of land; Qiang Bing measures-rewarding military service; Measures to strengthen centralization-compiling household registration, strengthening punishment, implementing county system and unified measurement.
Function: After the political reform, Qin became powerful and its national strength increased greatly, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of the six countries in the future.
Understanding of reform: ① The reform is not smooth sailing, and we should establish the concept of "realizing ambition without fear of setbacks and sacrifice". ② Only by conforming to the historical trend and having the spirit of innovation and dedication can we realize the value. Reform is the road to a strong country and a good medicine to get rid of the old and innovate.
Knowledge point 7: Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes:
1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions: (1) Shang dynasty characters carved on tortoise bones and animal bones are called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. (2) It is of great value to study the history of Shang Dynasty; The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty. (3) Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a kind of hieroglyphics, which is relatively mature and related to today's Chinese characters.
2. Bronzes: Bronzes are alloys of copper, tin and lead. The high development of bronze casting industry in Shang Dynasty created a splendid bronze civilization.
The masterpiece of bronze is Simu Wuding: Simu Wuding means: it is the largest bronze ware in the world at present; It embodies the wisdom and cooperation spirit of merchants and craftsmen; It embodies the powerful national strength of Shang Dynasty.
Knowledge point eight: active thinking, a hundred schools of thought contend
1. Great thinkers in the Spring and Autumn Period
Confucius: A native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius is a book compiled by Confucius' disciples.
Ideologically, "benevolence" and "ceremony" are two parts.
Politically, it advocates "ruling the country by virtue", educating people by morality and ruling the country by courtesy. Confucianism, represented by Confucius, became a feudal orthodoxy that lasted for more than two thousand years.
Education: the establishment of private schools is the beginning of private schools; Advocate "teaching without distinction", teaching students according to their abilities and aptitude. In a threesome, there must be a teacher; Knowing is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing;
2. A hundred schools of thought contend:
The main ideas of representative works or speeches during the school representative period
"Benevolence" and "Rite" in The Analects of Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Mencius in the Warring States period is benevolent, and the people are noble and the monarch is light.
Mohist Mozi's "Universal Love" and "Non-attack" during the Warring States Period
Taoist Laozi's Tao Te Ching in the Spring and Autumn Period conforms to nature, and the opposition of things can be transformed into each other.
Zhuangzi's Zhuangzi in the Warring States Period naturally ruled by doing nothing.
Legalist Han Feizi's rule of law and centralization during the Warring States Period.
3. In the school society, "sabotage" often occurs. How to curb this bad behavior? Please refer to the thoughts of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Law in the Warring States Period and talk about your own views. (reasonable)
Knowledge point 9: the wisdom and creation of ancestors
1. Dujiangyan: ① a large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State in the Warring States Period; ② It has dual functions of flood control and irrigation; ③ It is the largest, most beneficial and longest-lasting water conservancy project in ancient China, which has been included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list. ④ It represents the advanced level of ancient water conservancy projects in China and is the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient working people.
2. The bronze bell is a musical instrument used by the nobles in Zhou Dynasty in sacrificial ceremonies, banquets and other activities. A chime consists of several bronze bells with the same shape. It shows that China's music culture reached a high level more than two thousand years ago.
Basic knowledge:
1, the main representatives of ancient humans in China: Yuanmou people, Beijingers and cavemen. Beijingers have been able to use natural fires, and Neanderthals have also learned how to make artificial fires.
2. The most representative clan settlements are Banpo settlement in the Yellow River basin and Hemudu settlement in the Yangtze River basin. China is one of the earliest countries to grow millet and rice in the world.
3. Yan Di and Huangdi are the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin.
According to legend, Emperor Yan was the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China, and was known as Shennong in history. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor made palaces, ships, weapons and clothes. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling technology.
Yanhuang tribes united to form the main body of Huaxia nationality. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are known as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.
4. Yao, Shun and Yu are the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin after the Yellow Emperor. The method of electing tribal alliance leaders is called abdication system. Yu, the legendary hero of water control, enjoys high prestige in the tribal alliance and is called "Dayu".
5. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the first country in the history of China-the Xia Dynasty, with Yangcheng as its capital. After Yu's death, Qi succeeded to the throne, and the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system, which began the history of "home to the world".
About 1600 BC, Shang Tang defeated Jie, the last tyrant of Xia Dynasty, and established Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
About 1300 BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin, and it has been stable ever since. Later generations called Shang Dynasty Yin.
About 1046 BC, Zhou Wuwang united with various tribes, destroyed the Shang Dynasty, established the Zhou Dynasty, and made Haojiang its capital, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
In 77 1 year BC, the dog Rong attacked Haojiang and killed it. The Western Zhou Dynasty ended, and the following year (770 BC), Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history.
6. In Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, social class was distinguished by blood relationship.
Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties all established powerful armies and formulated strict criminal laws. Etiquette education is another means of ruling the people.
In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to consolidate the rule over the surrounding areas, the king of Zhou implemented the "enfeoffment system".
7. The Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) was the period of the disintegration of our slave society.
The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang. In 65 1 year BC, Qi Huangong held a vassal alliance in Kuiqiu, and he was the first master.
8. The Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year) was the formation period of China feudal society. The Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period were Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin.
9. During the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware was widely used in agricultural production.
10, Shang Yang's reform in Qin had the greatest influence in the Warring States period.
1 1. The characters carved on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty were called Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
The representative work of Shang bronzes, which is also the largest bronze found in the world at present, is the Si Mu Wu Ding unearthed in Yin Ruins.
Confucius, named Qiu, was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism. His thoughts are mainly composed of "benevolence" and "ceremony". Advocate "ruling the country by virtue". Start to set up private schools, advocate "teaching without class" and "do your duty as a teacher". After the death of Confucius, his disciples compiled his remarks into The Analects.
13, "Hundred Schools" (1) Confucianism advocates "courtesy" to govern the country. (2) Legalists emphasize the use of "punishment" to strengthen rule. (3) Taoism proposes "governing by doing nothing".
Knowledge point 10: the rise and fall of Qin empire
1. Conditions for the unification of Qin: ① unification is a historical trend; ② Shang Yang's political reform made Qin the most prosperous country. (3) In 260 BC, the battle of Changping defeated Zhao, the strongest of the seven countries, so that the six eastern countries could no longer resist the attack of Qin. (An armchair strategist-Zhao Kuo)
2. Unification of Qin Dynasty: Order: Han-Zhao-Wei-Chu-Yanqi. Time: 230 BC-22 BC1year.
3. Establishment of the Qin Dynasty: Before 22 1, Ying Zheng, King of Qin (Qin Shihuang), established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in China history, with Xianyang as its capital.
4. The significance of the unification of the Qin Dynasty:
(1) The unification of the Qin Dynasty ended the chaotic situation of warlordism since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage.
(2) Since then, unification has become the mainstream of China's social development, which is an important feature of China's civilization history and an important contribution of China people to mankind.
5. Chen Guang Uprising; Root cause; Is the tyranny of the Qin dynasty; Direct cause: rainstorm delayed the construction period.
Significance: The Guangwu Uprising in Chen Sheng was the first large-scale peasant war in the history of China, which dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.
Knowledge points 1 1: Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization
1. content: politically: ① establish the title of "emperor"; (2) the prime minister qiu, qiu. ③ Abolish the enfeoffment system and establish the county system.
Economy and culture: ① Unified vehicle model; (2) unified writing, seal seal first, then official script; ③ Unified currency: round square hole copper coins; ④ Unified measurement.
Militarily, the Great Wall of Wan Li runs from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, in order to resist the Hungarian attack. Ideologically: burning books and burying Confucianism
Knowledge point 12: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out a unified pattern.
1. the establishment of the western Han dynasty: in the first 202 years, Chang' an was the capital and Liu bang was the emperor gaozu.
2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out a unified pattern: ideologically, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"; Politically, he adopted Zhu's suggestion and issued a "decree of granting favors", which subtly weakened the power of vassal kings to seal the country. (2) strengthen the procuratorial system: in the central government, set up a captain; Venue: Establishment of the Secretariat. Function: Centralization has been strengthened unprecedentedly, and the unified empire has been further consolidated and developed.
Knowledge point 13: Qin and Han dynasties opened up the western regions and the silk road
1. Exploiting the Western Regions: 138 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the first time in order to attack the Xiongnu with the Yue family in the Western Regions. /1 19 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time. /Role: Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions opened the way to the Western Regions and strengthened the ties between the Han Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions.
2. Institutions established by the Han Dynasty in the Western Regions: In the first 60 years, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Duhu. Significance: This is the beginning of Xinjiang being officially under the jurisdiction of the central government. Xinjiang has been the territory of China since ancient times.
3. Silk Road: ① Route: Chang 'an-Hexi Corridor-now Xinjiang-Central Asia, West Asia-Europe.
(2) China's silk products, as well as iron smelting, sinking and papermaking, spread to the west; Western fur, blood horses, melons and fruits, Buddhism, magic, music, dance, sculpture and so on were all introduced from the East. ③ Silk Road: a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
Knowledge points 14: advanced Qin and Han science and technology
1. Papermaking: ① Invention: In the early Western Han Dynasty, people got inspiration from "gathering flocs into flocs" and invented paper.
② Transformation: In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun used bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets as raw materials for papermaking, which expanded the source of raw materials, reduced the cost of papermaking and improved the output and quality of paper. Historically, paper called "Cai Hou Paper" (3) was widely used in China in the 3rd-4th century. The invention of papermaking profoundly influenced the development of world civilization.
2. Medicine: ① Medical sage: Zhang Zhongjing of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics.
② Physician: Hua Tuo is good at acupuncture and surgery; The development of "Ma Fei San" is a pioneering work in the history of medicine.
3. Mathematical achievements: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, summarizing the mathematical achievements from Qin Zhou to the Han Dynasty. It marks the formation of China's ancient mathematical system centered on calculation.
Knowledge Point 15: Prosperous Qin and Han Culture
1. Religion: ① Buddhism: It originated in ancient India and was introduced to China in the late Western Han Dynasty; In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Hanming sent people to Tianzhu to seek Buddha, which promoted the spread of Buddhism in China. This theory is conducive to maintaining the existing hierarchical order. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism spread among the people. The spread of Buddhism has injected new factors into China culture, which has had a wide and far-reaching impact on later generations.
(2) Taoism: a religion that originated in China in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Its teachings reflect the characteristics of China's traditional culture, which pays attention to reality and reproduces the world.
(3) After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism gradually coexisted and complemented each other in the ideological field.
2. History: Historical Records: Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty is the first biography in China, which describes the history from the legendary Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty and has become a model for later generations to write history books.
3. Sculpture art: The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty are outstanding representatives, reflecting the superb level of sculpture art in the Qin Dynasty and vividly demonstrating the pioneering spirit.
Knowledge point 16: the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries
1. War: ① Battle of Guandu: In 200 years, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with less and unified the north. (embrace the son of heaven to make the princes; Recruit talents and attach importance to talents; Land reclamation, enhance strength)
② Battle of Red Cliffs: In 2008, Sun and Liu joined forces to defeat Cao Cao with fewer victories.
Significance: It laid the foundation for the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
(3) analyze the reasons why Cao Cao lost and won in two wars:
The time of founding the country will be other.
Cao Wei pi 220 Luoyang three countries began to stand in balance.
Shu 22 1 Chengdu
Wu 222 Jianye Three Kingdoms was formally formed.
2. Establish three countries:
Knowledge point 17: the development of southern economy
1. Population migration to the south: time: the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty; Reasons: ① War in the north and stability in the south. (2) Ethnic minorities are constantly advancing to the Central Plains. ③ Migration areas: mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with some reaching Lingnan area.
2. Economic development in the south of the Yangtze River: ① Reasons: a large number of laborers have been added; Brought advanced production tools and experience; Jiangnan has superior natural conditions; Social stability. ② Performance: Agriculture: A large number of lakes and fields have been opened up; Wheat and rice are widely used in Jiangnan area, and double-cropping rice is planted in the south of Wuling. Many water conservancy projects have been built. Handicraft industry: the textile industry is developed; The smelting and casting industry invented the casting steel method; Celadon has become people's daily necessities;
Commerce: The city is prosperous and has a large population.
Knowledge point 18: northern ethnic integration. Emperor xiaowen's reform: reasons: conforming to the historical trend; It is convenient to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality; Strengthen the control of the Yellow River basin; Time: 494 years; Content: Move the capital to Luoyang; Sinicization measures. Function: promoting economic development; Promoted national integration.
Knowledge points 19: leading the world in science and technology
1. Mathematics: Zu Chongzhi, a scientist in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Qi Dynasty, was the first person in the world to calculate the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point, about 1000 years earlier than Europe.
2. Agronomy: The Book of Qi Yao Min was written by Jia Sixie, a famous agronomist from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Eastern Wei Dynasty, which reflected the technical level of agricultural production in northern China. It is China's first complete agronomy book and a masterpiece in the world agronomy history.
3. The Notes on the Water Mirror written by Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is not only an excellent geographical work, but also has high documentary and historical value.
Knowledge point 20: Colorful artistic achievements
1. Calligraphy: Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the masterpiece Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, has the reputation of "floating like a cloud and agile as a dragon" and is honored as a "book saint".
2. Painting: Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, achieved the highest artistic achievements in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Figure painting is the most prominent, and there are two existing paintings: a female history and a Luo God.
3. Grottoes art: The most famous are Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shaanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan, etc.
First, the basic knowledge:
In BC 1 and BC 230-22 1, Qin destroyed six countries successively and established the first unified multi-ethnic group in Chinese history.
The clan centralized state takes Xianyang as its capital, and the king of Qin calls himself the first emperor.
2. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched an uprising in osawa Township. The slogan was: "Princes and princes will be like what they are."
3. Qin Shihuang's measures to establish centralization: 1, abolish the enfeoffment system and establish counties. 2, unified text, currency, weights and measures.
3. burn books to bury Confucianism.
In order to resist the Huns' attack, Qin Shihuang recruited a lot of manpower to repair and supplement the old Great Wall in the north of Yanzhao and Qinqin, and connected it into a whole, starting from Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east, with a total length of Vandory. This is the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li.
5. Measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to promote reunification:
1, oust a hundred schools of thought, and respect Confucianism alone. 2. Promulgate the "favor decree" to weaken the power of sealing the country.
3. Vigorously strengthen the supervision system: set up an official department minister in the central government and a secretariat in the local government.
6. Zhang Qian's trip to the Western Regions;
In BC 1 and 138, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions in order to unite with the Dayue people in the Western Regions to attack the Xiongnu.
2. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time.
7. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions' Capital Protection House in the Western Regions, which was the beginning of the official administration of today's Xinjiang.
8. The Silk Road runs from Chang 'an to Hexi Corridor, which is now Xinjiang, to Central Asia, West Asia and even to Europe.
9. People invented paper in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
10, Zhang Zhongjing was an outstanding physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and he wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and later generations honored him as a "medical sage".
1 1, Hua Tuo is good at acupuncture and surgery, and developed the general anesthetic "Mafeisan", which is known as the "imperial doctor".
12, Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which summarized the mathematical achievements from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the Han Dynasty, and marked the formation of the ancient China mathematical system centered on calculation.
13. Buddhism originated in ancient India, and was introduced to the Central Plains of China through the Silk Road at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the first Buddhist temple in China-Baima Temple.
14, Taoism is a religion that originated in China. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the popular immortal magic combined with Taoist thought to form Taoism.
15, The Historical Records written by Sima Qian is the first biographical general history in the history of China, which describes the major historical events from the legendary Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty for about 3,000 years.
16. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are outstanding representatives of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties. They are a large underground army composed of infantry, chariots and cavalry.
17, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao "held the emperor to make the princes". In 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, won the battle of Guandu and unified the north.
18, 208, Cao Cao fought with Sun Quan and Liu Bei, and the famous Battle of Red Cliffs broke out. Sun Liu's allied forces defeated Cao Jun with fewer victories.
19/220, Cao Cao died of illness, and his son Cao Pi abandoned Han Xian as emperor, calling himself emperor, and changed his country name to Wei, with its capital in Luoyang. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, and still took Han as the country name, which was called Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu and the capital of Jianye. At this point, the tripartite confrontation between the three countries was formed.
20. Zu Chongzhi was a famous scientist in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Qi Dynasty. He is the first person in the world to calculate the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point, about 1000 years earlier than Europeans.
2 1, Jia Sixie lived in Northern Wei and Eastern Wei. He was a famous agronomist in ancient China, and he wrote The Book of Qi Yao Min. The Book of Qi Yao Min is the first complete agricultural work in China, and it is also a masterpiece in the world agricultural history.
22. Li Daoyuan is an outstanding geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and he is the author of Notes on Water Classics. Notes on Water Mirror is not only an excellent geographical work, but also of great literary and historical value.
23. Wang Xizhi was honored as a "book saint". His running script is Preface to Lanting, which has the reputation of "floating like a cloud and charming as a dragon".
24. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, achieved the highest artistic achievement. Among his paintings, figure painting is the most prominent, and there are two existing ones, one is a picture of women's history and the other is a picture of Luo Shen.
25. The most famous stone carving arts in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province.
Second, question and answer:
1, how to evaluate abdication system?
A: abdication is a way to produce tribal alliance leaders through democratic elections in the late primitive society. The leadership of the tribal alliance from Yao Shun to Yu is not the transfer of power between individuals, but reflects the relationship between these tribal forces.
2. Some people say that Qin Shihuang is an eternal emperor, while others say that Qin Shihuang is a tyrant. what do you think? Please provide a justification for the answer.
A: Qin Shihuang followed the historical trend and people's wishes and established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in China history. Unifying writing, currency and weights and measures has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Qin Shihuang made great contributions to the development of China's history. But at the same time, he was a tyrant: he formulated a cruel punishment system, burned books to bury Confucianism, strengthened ideological control and destroyed culture. Compared with the merits and demerits, Qin Shihuang still has more merits than others, and he is a well-deserved "one emperor through the ages".