China first called Japan "Japan", and the ancient geography book "Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Bei Jing" in the Warring States period said: "Gai Guo is in the south, in the north and in the south of Japan." It shows that China people only knew the geographical location of Japan at that time. It was not until Ban Gu's Geography of Hanshu in the Eastern Han Dynasty that it was clearly recorded: "There are Japanese in the Sea of Le Lang, which are divided into more than 100 countries and always come to see the clouds." Le Lang is one of the four counties established in the northern part of the Korean peninsula after the former Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty destroyed Wei's Korea. The Sea of Le Lang should refer to the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. A "country" divided into 100 countries should be a tribe or a tribal alliance.
According to the biography of Fan Wei in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the second year of Jianwu in the Central Plains (AD 57), Emperor Guangwu paid tribute to the slave country, making people call themselves doctors, and the slave country was extremely south. Guangwu sealed it. " This is the earliest record of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan after Hanshu. 1784, a golden seal named "Han Wei Nuwang" was found on Shiga Island in Hakata Bay, northern Kyushu, Japan, which proved the authenticity of China's literature. Japanese historians believe that a "slave country" is a "human rights country". Half a century later, in the later Han Dynasty, "In the first year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign (107), Wang Shuai 160 people from Japan were invited to meet with him" (Biography of the Later Han Dynasty in Dongyi), indicating that Japan had taken raw people (slaves) as an exchange of international trade.
At the end of the post-Han Dynasty, people's uprisings in northern China continued, forming a trend of tripartite confrontation among the three countries. Gongsun Du, the satrap of Liaodong, has the land and county of Laoyan, and has become the transportation center of all ethnic groups in Northeast Asia. In the ninth year of Jian 'an (2004), Sun's son cut the south and set up a county to govern the exchanges between China, Japan and South Korea. Kang Zi Gongsun Yuan claimed to be the Prince of Yan (237), blocked the communication between all ethnic groups and the Central Plains, and was on an equal footing with the southern State of Wu. In the second year of Jingchu (238), Sima Yi was ordered by Wei Mingdi to destroy Gongsun Yuan and his son, and Le Lang and Daifang became the hubs of foreign exchanges between China and Japan. At this time, a queen country named Xiematai appeared in Japan, which formed a close relationship with China. During the reign of Empress Kimiko, the evil Mattel countries and China made the following visits.
The first time: in the third year of Wei Jingchu (239), Ji Meizi forced him to Daifang County and demanded "offering sacrifices to the DPRK". Xia Liu, the magistrate of Fangfang County, sent officials to escort him to Beijing (Luoyang) and presented four boys, six girls and two pieces of patchwork. Wei Mingdi awarded the seal of "Pro-King Wei Ri" to Empress Ji Meizi, with the official seal, as well as gold, five-foot knives, bronze mirrors, real pearls, red lead (red pigment) and various textiles. In the first year of Zhengshi (240), messengers from Daifang County sent Wei Mingdi Marsh Book, Insu and gifts to Japan. This is China's first visit to Japan.
The second time: In the fourth year of Zhengshi (243), Ji Meizi sent eight envoys to Luoyang to offer raw food, Japanese brocade, cotton-padded jacket, silk, wooden poles and short bows and arrows. Huang Zhuang Building 1 The roof was given by Wang Wei Fangnu Ma Ci. In the eighth year (247), the house county magistrate Wang Gu sent it to Japan. This is China's second visit to Japan.
The third time: In the eighth year of Zhengshi (247), Ji Meizi sent envoys to Daifang County to tell the story of the attack between the dog slave country and the evil horse country. Make the prefect of the county go to Marsh Book and Huang Zhuang for mediation. This is China's third visit to Japan.
Fourth time: After the death of Ji Meizi in the ninth year of Zhengshi (248), Empress Yi and Ye Xie Gou and other 20 people were sent back to China, offering 30 male and female students, 5000 holes of tribute white beads, 2 Qing pearls and 20 pieces of miscellaneous brocade with different patterns.
Empress Kimiko sent tribute to strengthen her strength, and China culture was further introduced into Japan. The introduction of metal products has rapidly improved Japan's smelting technology. At that time, Japan could not be satisfied with importing a small amount of bronze mirrors (triangular animal mirrors) from China, and began to manufacture them by itself. Then, a domestic "Japanese mirror", namely imitation mirror, was made based on China mirror, which can be confirmed from a large number of Japanese mirrors unearthed. According to Tanaka's statistics, there are 3000 bronze mirrors unearthed in Japan, two thirds of which are Japanese mirrors. The inflow of iron knives undoubtedly promoted the production of Japanese ironware.
2. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, Yamato unified Japan, and a tributary relationship was formed between China and Japan.
At the end of the 3rd century AD, a big country appeared in the hinterland of Gini with Yamato (now Nara) as the center. Because it is located in the Yamato region, it is called Yamato country in history. Yamato basically unified Japan from the end of the 4th century to the beginning of the 5th century.
In AD 4 13, the sixth year after the defeat of Korea, Yamato took the initiative to establish diplomatic relations with China. Until 502 AD, he sent envoys to the Eastern Jin, Song and Liang Dynasties successively 13 times to request knighthood. From the second year of Taishi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 266) to the ninth year of Yixi (AD 4 13), the record of Japanese tribute in China history books was interrupted for nearly 150 years, and the so-called "Five Kings of Japan" appeared in China history books.
During the period of the Five Kings of Japan, Japan was big, powerful and economically developed, and the domestic demand for various items was increasing day by day. We want to meet the demand by paying tribute. At that time, tribute was an important way to obtain goods from China, so despite the frequent regime changes in China, we tried our best to maintain this tribute relationship. In fact, this is not only a way of trade, but also because the invasion of North Korea failed, and Japan wanted to strengthen its influence on the Korean Peninsula with the help of China's authority. This is particularly evident in the fifth and eleventh tributes. After the opening-up of Sino-Japanese relations, Japanese culture continued to flow into Japan, which had a great influence on the formation of China culture.
Thirdly, during the prosperous period of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japanese sent "Tang Dynasty envoys" to study China culture on a large scale.
With the decline of the civil service system, the contradictions within the ruling class have deepened and the social crisis has become increasingly serious. In order to learn from the ruling experience of Sui and Tang Dynasties and advanced science and culture, the Japanese royal family sent envoys to China many times to restore it in the Tang Dynasty. From the second year of Shu Ming (AD 630) to the sixth year of Kuan (AD 894), there were 19 envoys to the Tang Dynasty, of which 13 arrived in Chang 'an.
Tang envoys were sent to China by two ships in the early stage, each carrying about 120 people, and about four ships accompanied them in the later stage. During their one-year stay in the Tang Dynasty, the members of the delegation actively studied the scientific and cultural knowledge of the Tang Dynasty. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty also played the role of trade missions. Another important task of sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty is to send foreign students and monks studying abroad to study in the Tang Dynasty, and to take them back to China after the study. Therefore, the envoys to Tang Dynasty played a great role in the communication between Japan and Tang Wenhua.
International students sent to the Tang Dynasty are divided into international students and monks, generally selected from talented aristocratic children and monks. International students enter one of the six academic libraries affiliated to imperial academy to study their own majors; Scholars mainly study Buddhism in temples in Chang 'an and Luoyang. Before Ping An Lang, the study time of sending overseas students in Tang Dynasty was longer. Because of their long-term study and long-term living with China people, they were deeply influenced by the Tang Dynasty not only in cultural knowledge, but also in life customs, and made outstanding contributions to the development of Japanese society and culture.
By the second half of the 9th century, China had an Anshi Rebellion and Huang Chao Peasant Uprising successively, and the Tang Dynasty was teetering. At that time, the Japanese aristocracy was politically corrupt and the ruling class tended to be negative. In the sixth year of Kuanping (AD 894), the new envoy to the Tang Dynasty Ying Yuan Daozhen (AD 845-AD 903) quoted the report of a learned monk in the Tang Dynasty and acted for the emperor. He suggested stopping sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty on the grounds of "depression in the Tang Dynasty" and "blocked sea routes". Emperor Yudo accepted this proposal and relations between the two countries were interrupted.
Fourth, Sino-Japanese exchanges in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
In 960, the Song Dynasty was founded, and in 979, Emperor Taizong unified China. In the first year of Yongguan (A.D. 983), Japanese monks from Dongda Temple arrived in China by ship of Chen Shuangren and Chen Renman from Wuyue, and were received by Song Taizong. In 988 AD, Shang Ran sent his disciple Jia Yin to the Song Dynasty to present a gift to the Song Emperor. In 1994 (A.D. 1072), Sung Hoon and his seven disciples entered the Song Dynasty on a merchant ship, visited the Congress Temple in Tiantai Mountain, and were also received by Song Shenzong. Zongshen entrusted Sung Hoon's disciples to bring a personal letter and many gifts to the Japanese court to express their desire to seek good neighborliness and friendship. The following year (A.D. 1078), the Japanese government issued its resignation and asked monk Zhong to return to Song Zhong's ship for a return visit, thus normalizing the relations between the two countries. At the end of Heian, Japan-China relations gradually normalized, and the Kamakura shogunate continued to promote it. The main reason why the Kamakura shogunate actively traded with the Southern Song Dynasty was to obtain the copper coins of the Southern Song Dynasty, because at that time, Japan itself did not cast copper coins, and the main currency circulating in China was Song copper coins.
1260, Kublai Khan (the grandson of Genghis Khan) became the king of Mongolia. In 1267, the capital was moved to Yanjing (later renamed Dadu, that is, Beijing). 127 1 year, and the country name was changed to yuan. In A.D. 1268, he ordered the North Korean envoy to take a book to Japan. On the surface, this book calls for the establishment of diplomatic relations, but in essence it makes Japan pay tribute. After several studies, the Kyoto court did not give an answer. In A.D. 1274 and A.D. 128 1 year, Kublai Khan sent troops to conquer Japan twice, but both failed because of typhoons. Sino-Japanese relations were interrupted.
5. Complex Sino-Japanese relations in Ming Dynasty: Japanese pirates, exploration and trade.
Japanese pirates are mainly composed of some famous western lords and officials, pure pirate gangs with land as the core, armed merchant shipping groups and vagrants since Kamakura era. They invaded the Korean Peninsula and the coastal areas of Chinese mainland, and were organized by the Western Haozu, based on the Tsunami, Yiqi, Songpu and Seto Inland Sea in Kitakyushu. From the first half of13rd century to the middle of16th century, it was active for more than 300 years.
1March 369 (2 years of Ming Hongwu and 23 years of Zhengping), Japanese pirates and coastal pirates plundered Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong, and Zhu Yuanzhang sent Yang Zai to Japan to negotiate with them, demanding that Prince Huailiang, the general of the Western Expedition, suppress the Japanese pirates. Prince Huai Liang not only ignored it, but opposed the arrest and killing of Ming envoys. Since then, the Japanese pirates have become more rampant, going south through Shandong and turning to Wenzhou (Yongjia), Taiwan Province (Linhai), Ming (county) and Fujian coastal areas. At that time, Prince Huai Liang secretly helped Hu, the prime minister of the Ming Dynasty, to plot to "destroy the democratic master in one fell swoop". In A.D. 1387 (twenty years of Ming Hongwu, four years of Yuan), it was revealed that Lin Xian, commander of Ningbo Wei, helped Hu to be rebelled by Japanese soldiers. Ming Taizu cut off its trade with Japan, strictly forbade going to sea, and sent troops to suppress Japanese pirates.
After Ashikaga Yoshimitsu unified Japan, in order to meet the requirements of Japanese businessmen to resume trade with the Ming Dynasty and the Japanese upper class's love for the goods of the Ming Dynasty, and at the same time to enrich the shogunate's finance by using the trade with the Ming Dynasty, it was decided to resume diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty with the help of the momentum of the Ming Dynasty. So he ordered Kyushu to explore and ban the enemy, and in May of the eighth year of Yingyong (A.D. 140 1), Gong Fei, a businessman from Hakata, and Zu 'a, a monk, sent a letter to Hui Di expressing their willingness to resume diplomatic relations. Ying Yong 1 1 (in the second year of Yongle, AD 1404), Ming Chengzu allowed Japan to trade with the Ming Dynasty in the form of tribute, and stipulated the "annexation system" to prevent the Japanese from fishing in warm water, which is the so-called Yongle Reconciliation Trade Treaty.
The investigation trade in the form of tribute is very beneficial to Japan. The Ming government not only reduced the tariffs on this trade, but also paid all the accommodation and food expenses for the envoys of the "King of Japan" and their many entourage (actually businessmen) during the Ming Dynasty, gave them clothes to wear, and provided them with food for a month's sea trip for free. Some trade commodities were traded in the form of "gifts" given by General Ashikaga to the Ming Emperor and Ming Di. Generally speaking, the value of returned gifts greatly exceeds the value of donations.
Should die forever in 15 (AD 1408). After his son Zhi Yi succeeded him as a general, he immediately changed his foreign trade policy towards Japan and broke off relations with Japan. Since then, the activities of Japanese pirates plundering the coastal areas of Ming Dynasty have been rampant. In the first year of Zhengchang (A.D. 1428), the new general Yi Jiao decided to restore diplomatic relations between Japan and the Ming Dynasty, and enjoyed it for four years forever (A.D. 1432), and appointed Daoyuan, a monk who entered Japan and entered the Ming Dynasty, as an envoy to bring credentials to the Ming Dynasty. In May of the following year (A.D. 1433), the Long family went to Beijing to present materials and credentials to Xuanzong, and signed the Xuande Trade Treaty in Beijing to replace the 10 tribute stipulated in the Yongle Treaty. There were no more than three ships, no more than 300 people and no more than 3,000 swords. At the same time, Xuande was used instead of Yongle, and the trade between Japan and North Korea was normal.
6. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to Korea twice to defeat Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa implemented the policy of locking up the country, so the official exchanges between China and Japan were interrupted.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan in 18 (A.D. 1590). As the leader of the military feudal lords, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was not satisfied with the rule of the Japanese people, and then wanted to force Korea, the Philippines, China, Taiwan Province Province and Ryukyu to pay tribute, dreaming of ruling Japan and South Chinese mainland. In the winter of A.D. 18 (A.D. 1590), he wrote a letter to korean king, openly declaring that he would "March into Daming, change the custom of our dynasty to more than 400 states, and rule the imperial capital in 100 million years", threatening North Korea to submit and act as a deep-water bomb to invade China. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's unreasonable demands were rejected by North Korea. In March of the first year of Leuven (A.D. 1592), Xiuji was sent as the leader of the invading army, with Konishi Yukinaga and Katou Kiyomasa as pioneers, and nearly160,000 troops were sent across the sea to land in Busan. At the same time, nine thousand water troops under the command of Nine Ghost Ankylosaurus and Fujitani Gao Hu were sent to attack the coastal areas of North Korea. Japan's aggression met with tenacious resistance from the Korean people. At the request of the North Korean government, the aid-aiding troops sent by the Ming Dynasty arrived in North Korea one after another in July and went into battle. However, in July, the first batch of 5,000 reinforcements were defeated by the deputy commander Zu Chengxun in the attack on Pyongyang, and the pioneer Shi Ru died in the battle and was defeated by Sung Hoon. At the end of February 65438+, the second batch of 40,000 reinforcements led by Song Yingchang and Li entered the DPRK. Immediately,1early October, 1593 and 65438+ launched the war of Pyongyang again, violently attacking Konishi Yukinaga's troops entrenched here. After a bloody battle day and night, the Ming army regained Pyongyang and then liberated Kaesong. In the second year of Qing Dynasty (AD 1597), 65438+ October, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent140,000 troops to the north of Busan to commit crimes. Arrive near Beijing after 8 months. However, he was quickly defeated by Ma Gui, the general of the Ming Dynasty, and retreated to the narrow coastal areas in the south to fight tenaciously. The following autumn, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died of illness, and the Japanese army began to retreat. In June, 5438 +065438+ 10, the Japanese navy was intercepted by the Sino-DPRK joint navy in the sea off Liang Fang in the southeast of the peninsula, with extremely heavy losses. Escaping to the shore was also a devastating blow, killing more than 10 thousand people. Before the end of the year, the Japanese army withdrew to Japan.
In the early days of Tokugawa shogunate, in order to gain trade profits and enrich financial resources, it was prepared to eliminate the civil war between the Toyotomi family and the alien forces, establish a unified autocratic regime at home, continue to adopt the open policy during Toyotomi and Toyotomi periods, and encourage overseas trade. 16 15, the merchant ships of Guangdong and Guangxi were sealed, giving them freedom of trade, and wrote to the governor of Fujian, demanding that the Ming Dynasty make peace and resume the annexation trade, so as to end the hostile state towards China and North Korea since Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Ming dynasty was very wary of Japan because of the intrusion of Japanese pirates and rich ministers, and the domestic situation was unstable, so it implemented the sea ban and refused the shogunate's request.
Later, in order to ban Catholicism and consolidate the security of the Tokugawa shogunate, some closed-door policies were promulgated one after another, and Japan's exchanges with foreign countries were gradually interrupted.
7. Changes in Sino-Japanese relations before and after the Opium War and Meiji Restoration.
1April 868, Tokugawa Yoshinobu cautiously went to Mito (actually confined), and the Tokugawa era fell. 1In September, 870, the Outline of Administrative Reform of Zongfan was published, and then the government carried out a series of reforms such as official system reform and legal system reform, and gradually established a relatively perfect capitalist system, known as Meiji Restoration.
With the development of Japanese capitalism, Japan's national strength is getting stronger and stronger. At this time, due to corruption and foreign invasion, the national strength of the Qing government was weakening day by day. In Japan, due to the development of the capitalist system, the lower samurai were in trouble and rebelled against the government. In order to stabilize the internal affairs, the Japanese government decided to change the internal levy into external levy and turn its morale abroad. Naturally, they turned their attention to China and began to implement the policy of aggression and expansion against China. 187 1 In June, the Japanese sent the plenipotentiary ambassador Ida Zongcheng and the attache Guang Liu to Tianjin to negotiate with the Qing government in an attempt to sign an unequal treaty. After being rejected, they signed a reciprocal treaty, the Sino-Japanese reconciliation treaty. After the signing of the treaty, the Japanese government considered the treaty inappropriate and publicly denied it. In March of the following year, Seiji Maehara was sent to ask for amending the treaty. In particular, article 2 should be abolished and an MFN clause should be added. The result was rejected by China. The Japanese plan failed.
1871165438+1On October 30th, a tribute ship composed of two ancient islanders from Ryukyu Palace left Ryukyu Port for China and was caught in a storm and drifted at sea. One was lucky, and the other drifted to Bayao Bay of Gaoshan Peony Society on the southwest coast of Taiwan Province Province. There were 69 crew members on board, of whom 3 drowned and 66 went ashore. However, among the crew who landed, 54 were killed by Gaoshan people, and 12 escaped and were protected by the officers and men of the Qing army in Fengshan County. 1872 was sent back to Naha by the Qing government in July.
Originally, the boat people in Ryukyu were killed by the Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province Province by mistake, which was purely a problem between China and Ryukyu, but Japan decided to take the opportunity to intervene and prepare to invade Taiwan Province Province by killing the so-called Ryukyu people belonging to Japan. In order to prevent the interference of European and American countries and the protests of the Qing government, the Japanese government planned a series of diplomatic plots before the invasion. First of all, the Ryukyu King was forcibly changed to the Ryukyu captaincy and listed as a China citizen, and his foreign exchange affairs were handled by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Secondly, on the condition that the Japanese government agrees to inherit the Ryukyu-US Treaty, strive for the United States to recognize Ryukyu as Japanese territory; Third, take advantage of the opportunity of Mishima, Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, to exchange the rules of Sino-Japanese reconciliation, and test the attitude of the Qing government towards Taiwan Province Province and North Korea. As a result, Qing government officials sternly reprimanded. Seeing the failure of blackmail, the Meiji government decided to invade Taiwan Province Province militarily. 1in April, 874, the "Taiwan Province Province Mansion Affairs Bureau" was established, with Dazang Qing Otsuka as the chief executive and Lieutenant General Saigou Jyuudou as the governor of Taiwan Province Province Mansion Affairs. On May 7th, Saigou Jyuudou led 3600 troops to invade Taiwan Province Province. On May 22nd, the Japanese army landed in Taiwan Province Province. /kloc-in June, 2000, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Peony Society and Gaoshi Buddha Society, and the people of Taiwan Province Province fought bravely against the Japanese army with primitive weapons. The Qing government appointed Shen Zao, director of Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, to investigate this matter and led the army to cross the sea to protect Taiwan. Originally, Japan's national strength was gradually declining, but the corrupt and incompetent Qing government reconciled with Japan under the "mediation" of the ambassadors of the United States, Britain and France, and reached the 1874, 10, 3 1 agreements. Li Hongzhang signed the Beijing Treaty with the Japanese ambassador plenipotentiary Kubo Junyi. The Qing government gave in to Japan, admitting that "the birth of Buddha in Taiwan Province Province caused harm to Japanese nationals" and that Japan's sending troops was "the meaning of protecting the people"; It is stipulated that the Japanese army should withdraw from Taiwan Province Province and pay 500,000 taels of Japanese silver. Japan invaded China's territory, Taiwan Province Province, but China paid compensation, which further stimulated Japan's aggressive ambition. 1875, the Japanese forced Ryukyu to sever all relations with China, and on April 4, 1879, Ryukyu was abandoned and changed to Okinawa prefecture, completely annexing Ryukyu. And thus began the history of Japan's bloody aggression against Asian countries!