The replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties
First, the first country in China's history, the Xia Dynasty, was "the home of the world".
1. Establishment time: about 2070 BC. 2. Founder: Yu. 3. Capital: Yangcheng. 4. Government agencies: castles, palaces, military, criminal law and prisons.
(1) Xia Dynasty became the first slave country in China;
1, the Xia Dynasty divided the people by region (Kyushu); Tribes divide people by blood;
2. Establish state institutions that oppress people: army, criminal law and prison;
3. "Hereditary system of the throne" replaced "abdication system" and began to "rule the world"
It should be a kind of social progress that "hereditary throne system" replaces "abdication system" The fundamental reason is the development of social productive forces, which leads to the emergence of private ownership and the emergence of opposing classes.
Reasons for the demise of summer: Xia Jie is tyrannical, barren and exploiting people.
Second, the establishment of Shang Dynasty.
In BC 1 and 1600, Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
2. Pan Geng moved the capital: 65438 BC+0300 BC.
3. Politics, economy and culture of Shang Dynasty
Politically: it was one of the countries in the world at that time.
Economically, bronzes are widely used in agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, creating a splendid bronze civilization.
Culturally, Oracle Bone Inscriptions already has the basic form of Chinese character structure, which is a mature writing.
Third, the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. Date of establishment: BC 1046.
2. Founder: Zhou Wuwang
3. Capital: Haojiang (now Xi 'an)
4. Politics and Economy of Western Zhou Dynasty
Politics: enfeoffment system
Agriculture: the variety of crops is increased and artificial irrigation is implemented.
Handicraft industry: fine division of labor (hundreds of workers); Primitive porcelain making is more common.
Construction industry: "tile" began to be used in construction.
Fourth, the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
1, the time of the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty: 77 BC1,the dog army invaded Haojing.
2. Early Eastern Zhou Dynasty: In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang).
5. What are the similarities between the demise of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties? What can we learn from it?
(1) A barren and tyrannical king will be abandoned by the people.
(2) Rulers should be diligent and love the people, and policies should conform to the wishes of the people; Appoint people on their merits and learn from others.
(3) The more help you get, the less help you lose.
2. The first volume of the first grade history will be the key content of the end of the exam.
1 During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Mo Duhan, the outstanding leader of Xiongnu, unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.
2. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns. Seize the Hetao area and Hexi corridor area.
3. In the middle of BC 1 century, Emperor Han Yuan married Zhao Jun to Uhaanyehe. Make great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.
During the Han Dynasty, people called today's Xinjiang the Western Region.
5. In BC 138, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to contact Da Yue to attack the Huns.
6. In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the Western Regions.
7. The historical significance of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions has opened up an important channel for East-West traffic and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
8. The Silk Road runs through the Hexi Corridor from Chang 'an, and now it is transported to West Asia and then to Europe in Xinjiang.
9. In 60 BC, the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Duhu to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. Today, Xinjiang is under the jurisdiction of the central government. Become an inseparable part of our country.
10, fine varieties of horses, grapes, pomegranates, walnuts, alfalfa, musical instruments, songs and dances from the western regions were introduced to the Central Plains. Han people's cast iron, canal opening and sinking techniques, silk, lacquerware and metal tools spread to the western regions.
1 1. The paper made of hemp in the early Western Han Dynasty was the earliest paper known in the world.
12, Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made great contributions to the spread of world culture.
13, seismograph invented by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, transverse earthquake direction. This is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
14, Hua Tuo was good at surgery in the Eastern Han Dynasty and made Mafeisan, which was a pioneering work in world medicine. ?
15, Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Comprehensively expound the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the principle of treatment. Be honored as a "medical saint."
16. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty.
17, Taoism is a native religion in China.
18, Wang Chong's Lun Heng is an atheist.
19, Historical Records compiled by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty recorded the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, and it was the first biographical history in China.
20. The battle of Guandu in 200 AD laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
3. The first volume of the first grade history will be the key content of the end of the exam.
Lesson 65438
1. Yuanmou people, about 1.7 million years ago, Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, the Yangtze River Basin. At present, the earliest known human in China.
2. Peking man, about 700,000-200,000 years ago, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Yellow River Valley. Still retains some physical characteristics of apes. Natural fire was used. Social life (the most primitive form of human social organization).
3. Neanderthals, about 30,000 years ago, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Yellow River Valley. Not much different from modern people. You can start a fire manually. Family life.
Whether you can make tools is the fundamental difference between people and animals.
5. China has the largest number of ancient human sites in the world.
6. What progress has the life of cavemen made compared with that of Beijingers?
Peking man has retained some characteristics of ape-man, and cavemen are basically the same as modern people.
Beijingers use rough stone tools, and cavemen have mastered grinding and drilling techniques.
Beijingers use natural fires, and cavemen can make artificial fires.
People live in Beijing, and cavemen enter the clan period.
Lesson 2
1. Banpo aborigines, about 6,000 years ago, lived in banpo village, the Yellow River Valley, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Semi-basement Planting millet, China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Stone grinding tools (diamond axes) are widely used. Pottery is the main appliance (fish-patterned painted pottery basin).
2. The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived in Yuyao, Zhejiang, about 7000 years ago. China is the first country to grow rice in the world. Grinding stone tools and bones are widely used. Pottery is the main tool (black pottery bowl depicting pig patterns).
About four or five thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of Dawenkou lived in Dawenkou, Shandong Province in the Yellow River valley. Polarization between rich and poor. Black pottery and white pottery in Dawenkou.
Explanation: They live a stable life. Get rid of the dependence on nature, expand the activity space and improve the quality of life. Superb skills in architecture. Can creatively build houses according to regional characteristics. Shows the ingenuity of the original inhabitants. At that time, productivity improved and people's ability to overcome difficulties improved.
Lesson 3
1. Huangdi (Xuanyuan) built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells, and invented boats and cars. His wife, Lei Zu, raised silkworms and reeled silk, and Cang Xie invented writing and arranged music by Ling Lun. About 4000 years ago. Leader of tribal alliance in the Yellow River Basin. Yanhuang occupied Chiyou, the battle of Zhuolu, and moved towards reunification. Form the main body of the Chinese nation. The human ancestor of the Chinese nation.
2. Yao Shun's "abdication"-elected tribal alliance leader. Dayu flood control-combining dam construction with river dredging.
3. What are the excellent qualities worth learning in Yao Shunyu?
Yao lives a simple life, self-denial and dedication. Shun is generous to others and sets an example. Yu led the people in fighting floods and shared weal and woe with the masses.
4. The first volume of the first grade history will be the key content of the end of the exam.
Ancient inhabitants of the motherland
1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago.
2. Beijingers are primitive humans living in Zhoukoudian, north of Beijing, about 700,000-200,000 years ago.
3. The change of Beijingers shows that labor has played an important role in the evolution from apes to humans.
Beijingers have learned to use natural fire. The use of fire has improved the ability of primitive humans to adapt to the natural environment, and promoted the development of physique and the evolution of the brain.
Banpo settlement is located in banpo village, Xi 'an, Shaanxi, about 6000 years ago, and it is the representative of the Yellow River Basin. Banpo residents first planted millet, widely used ground stone tools and invented painted pottery.
6. Hemudu settlement is located in Hemudu village, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, which is about 7000 years ago and is the representative of the Yangtze River basin. Hemudu residents first planted rice, generally used ground stone tools, and lived in dry-column houses.
The rise and fall of Xia Dynasty (Xia Dynasty was the formation period of slave society)
1. Establishment: Around 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty was established, which was the first slavery dynasty in the history of China, marking the emergence of the early state in China.
2. "Home is the world" situation. The situation at home and in the world began with enlightenment.
Qi inherited his father's business and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty, which indicated that hereditary system replaced abdication system, and "public world" became "home world".
3. Consolidate the rule: establish an army, formulate a criminal law, set up prisons, and formulate a summer calendar.
4. The ruins of the capital; Erlitou site;
5. Death: Jie ruled brutally and was killed by Shang Tang in about 1600 BC.
Shang dynasty (Shang dynasty was the development period of slave society)
1. Establishment: About 1600 BC, Tang established the Shang Dynasty.
2. Pan Geng moved to Yin: Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and ruled stably.
3. Destruction: the residual violence of Shang Zhouwang's rule. About 1046 BC, wang zheng served for a week, and the two sides fought at Konoha, and the Shang Dynasty was destroyed. Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, known as the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
Western Zhou Dynasty (the Western Zhou Dynasty was the heyday of slave society)
1. Establishment: In BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, with Haojiang as its capital, which was called "Western Zhou" in history.
2. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
(1) Purpose: To stabilize the political situation in the early Zhou Dynasty and consolidate the territory.
(2) Contents: ① According to blood relationship and contribution, King Zhou enfeoffed clansmen and heroes to various places, granted them the power to manage land and people, and established vassal states;
(2) The vassals have great independence, but they need to pay tribute to the King of Zhou and obey his command. The sealed person can repackage in his own fief.
(3) The significance or function of the enfeoffment system: it ensured the Zhou Dynasty's control over the local areas, stabilized the political situation and expanded the scope of its rule.
(4) Essence: the establishment of social hierarchy in Zhou Dynasty.
(Social stratum in the Western Zhou Dynasty: Zhou → vassal → Qing Dafu → scholar)
(5) Disadvantages: the vassal state has great independence. When the vassal state is powerful, it will threaten Zhou's dominant position and eventually lead to wars and disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
3. Extinction: In 84 BC1year, riots broke out in Zhou Liwang.
In 77 1 year BC, in Zhou Youwang, he was killed by the Kanrong people in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Separation of political power and national integration
1. The formation process of the three pillars: In 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and won the battle of Guandu, and later unified the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In 2008, Cao Jun, Sun Quan and Liu Bei fought a decisive battle in Chibi, and they were defeated. In 220, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, with Luoyang as its capital. 22 1 year, Liu Bei established the Han Dynasty (known as Shu in history), with Chengdu as its capital; In 222, Sun Quan established Wu and established Jianye as its capital.
In 2.386, the leader of Tuoba Department established the State of Wei, with Pingcheng as its capital, which was called Northern Wei in history. In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin.
Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty: At the end of the 5th century, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty complied with the historical trend of national integration at that time and implemented a series of reforms. In order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen the control of the Central Plains, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang in 494, and further implemented some other reform measures. For example, he asked Xianbei people to change into Chinese clothes, learn Chinese, adopt Chinese surnames, and advocate intermarriage with Han people. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty was conducive to the recovery and development of the northern economy, accelerated the feudalization process of the northern nationalities and promoted the great integration of the northern nationalities. Emperor Xiaowen was an outstanding minority political reformer in ancient China.
3. Zu Chongzhi, who lived in the Southern Dynasties, made the value of pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, that is, between 3.1415926 ~ 3.1415927. The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties is the first complete agricultural book in China. Li Daoyuan's Notes on the Water Mirror in the Northern Wei Dynasty is not only an excellent geographical work, but also of great literary and historical value.
4. Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is known as a "book saint" because of his excellent running script "Preface to Lanting". Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has been circulated in two volumes so far: The Map of Female History and the Map of Luoshen. There are Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan and so on.
5. The first volume of the first grade history will be the key content at the end of the exam.
1. Whether you can make tools is the fundamental difference between people and animals.
2. Yuanmou lived about1700,000 years ago and was the earliest known human being in China.
3. Beijingers still retain some characteristics of apes, but they have a clear division of labor between hands and feet and can make and use tools.
Beijing people often get together with dozens of people, work together, share the fruits of their work and live in groups, which forms the early primitive society.
China has discovered the largest number of ancient human sites in the world.
6. Beijingers already know how to use natural fire, and they will also keep the kindling.
7. Neanderthals could make stone tools, but they mastered polishing and drilling techniques. They made artificial fires, lived by gathering and hunting, and fished. They can go far away to exchange daily necessities with other primitive people. Neanderthals sewed clothes with bone needles, knew how to love beauty, and were buried after death.
8. The collective life of cavemen is a clan combined by blood relationship. A clan has dozens of people, descended from the same ancestor. They live together, use public tools, work together and distribute food together. There is no difference between the rich and the poor.
9. China is the first country to grow rice in the world. The original inhabitants of Hemudu used grinding stone tools and cultivated land to grow rice about 7000 years ago.
10. The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived in dry houses and lived a settled life. They dig wells, raise livestock and make pottery. The primitive inhabitants of Hemudu also made simple jade articles and primitive musical instruments.
1 1, Banpo primitive residence, about five or six thousand years ago, plowed the land with polished stone tools and wooden plows, and harvested crops with stone knives. Their main food crop is millet, and China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Banpo residents raise animals such as pigs and dogs, and also hunt and fish with bone arrows, harpoons and hooks.
12. Banpo residents live in semi-basement houses. They can make colored painted pottery, and some depicting symbols appear on the pottery. Some scholars believe that this is the embryonic form of early Chinese characters.
13, the original inhabitants of Dawenkou four or five thousand years ago had black pottery and white pottery.
14. About four or five thousand years ago, Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe United and defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu World War I. Since then, Yan Di Tribe has formed an alliance with Huangdi Tribe, and after long-term development, it has become the future Huaxia Tribe.
15. It is said that the Yellow Emperor built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells and invented boats and cars. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture and silk reeling, his subordinate Cang Xie invented writing, and Ling Lun compiled music scores.
16. In primitive society, the system of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders was called "abdication system".
17 Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of China.
18, the hereditary system replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" became the "home world".
Before 19 BC, about 1600 BC, the Tang Dynasty was defeated, the Xia Dynasty perished, and the Shang Dynasty was established.
20. BC 1046, the two sides fought in Konoha, the Shang army rebelled, Zhou army invaded Shangdu, Shang and Zhou fled to Lutai and set themselves on fire, and the Shang Dynasty perished. Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty with pickaxe as its capital, which is known as the Western Zhou Dynasty.