First, the powerful development of the Jin Dynasty and the sinicization reform led to the emergence of the harem eunuch system.
1 1 15, the leader of nuzhen tribe, akuta, established the Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, everything was simple, such as eating, living and traveling. The women in the emperor's harem have no rank, and there is no ceremony for the monarch and subjects. The emperor and his courtiers ate together, and there was no battlefield to live in, so he built a small stockade as a resting place for marching and working, and there was it? Emperor village? 、? Guo Xiang Zhai? 、? Taizizhuang? Waiting for the name, it sounds simple. At this time, the rulers were still busy with the war with Liao, and had no idea to establish any standard on-the-job system. There are not so many women who need eunuchs to serve, and even Nuzhen doesn't need eunuchs to serve the harem.
However, people grew up in constant learning, and the eunuch system in Liao and Northern Song Dynasties was gradually learned by the rulers. Jin Taizu and Jin Taizong led the Jurchen from113 to 1 125, and finally perished the Liao State, which was founded more than 200 years ago, and captured many eunuchs in the Liao court. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong of Jin Dynasty (1 127), after the Jin Dynasty invaded the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, many eunuchs in the imperial palace of the Northern Song Dynasty also became prisoners, and the eunuchs captured in the Liao and Song Dynasties formed the initial eunuch team of the Jin Dynasty.
After Nuzhen captured Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, the eunuchs in the Northern Song Dynasty began to serve the rulers of the Jin Dynasty. Some eunuchs were asked to help count the relics of the Song Dynasty, while others took the initiative to defect. For example, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Xu's "Three Dynasties North Alliance Volume Sixty-nine" contained: the court eunuchs won the favor. Once disaster strikes, they often do something for themselves, such as followers of Deng, Xu and Li Zhi and helping the enemy? .
After the demise of Liao Dynasty, Jurchen nobles created their own court system, etiquette system and harem system with reference to Song and Liao Dynasties. Especially after the death of Emperor Taizong of Jin Dynasty, Xu succeeded to the throne and was called Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty.
Jin Xizong strengthened centralization and began to establish and improve the harem system of the Jin Dynasty on the basis of the Central Plains Dynasty. Jin Xizong did this. Mainly influenced by two people, one is Hong Yanzong and the other is Han Yun.
Hong Yanzong praised Chinese culture, especially Confucian culture. He is the eldest son of Jin Taizu and the biological father of Yan Hongliang, king of Hailing. Wan Yan Zonggan was a teacher in the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, a powerful figure in the Jin Dynasty, and promoted the sinicization reform in the Jin Dynasty.
When Xizong was a teenager, Zonggan hired a famous scholar from China to teach Xizong's orthodox Confucian education, and also tried his best to teach all Confucian thoughts on governing the country and the culture of the Central Plains. Young Xu benefited a lot from it. "Lu Jin Yao Jie" is called Jin Xizong? Jin people lived in the Central Plains since childhood and were taught by Confucian scholars in China. Although he could not learn Bo Gu, he learned a little about writing poems, singing songs, Confucianism and Taoism, making tea and burning incense, and playing chess and fighting elephants, but he lost his true colors. . It can be seen that by studying the culture of the Central Plains,-Xu lost all his true colors, so that in the eyes of Jurchen, Jin Xizong was like a Han teenager.
After Han Yun's unforgettable teaching, Jin Xizong's living habits were basically sinicized, and Hong Yanzong was an active promoter of China culture, so Xizong imitated the system of Tang and Song Dynasties and began to reform the old system of Jurchen. As I said before, at the beginning of Jin Jianguo? All the concubines have no numbers? , to the xizong period? Is there a title of imperial concubine, virtuous princess and virtuous princess? . In the late reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, he was drunk and murdered, and was assassinated by Wan Yanliang, the second son of Wan Yanzong. Yan Hongliang proclaimed himself emperor, and another day, he became the king of Jin Hailing.
King Hailing further enriched the name system of empresses, didn't he? Yuan Fei, Mei Fei, Hui Fei, Gui Fei, Xian Fei, Zhen Fei, Li Fei, Shu Fei, De Fei, Zhao Fei, Wen Fei and Roufei? Twelve, Zhao Yi to Chongyuan Nine, Jieyu and Meiyan Three, the lowest in the temple, and many others. Wang Jian of Hailing built a palace to accommodate these concubines. As soon as women have many problems, it is inevitable that men who serve in the palace will contact with these women of the emperor. What if you have been in love for a long time? King Hailing made a strict ban on the palace. According to historical records, those who give orders to men in the forbidden palace and hold their heads as concubines gouge out their eyes. If you can't go in and out alone, you have to go with four people. Your company will take care of it with a knife and won't be cut by passers-by. After this day, the bricklayer of the next stage died, and the plaintiff got a reward of one million dollars.
Men and women touch each other in a hurry. Those who speak first will be rewarded with level 3, and those who speak later will die. Everyone who says the same thing will explain. ? King Hailing laid down very strict rules for the servants in the palace. Instead of looking around, they should walk well. If they are not careful, they will be dug and beheaded. These men in the palace are really hard to live.
When he was in Jin Zhangzong, he was also a maid-in-waiting teacher? Use green gauze to block the inside and outside, outside the palace and inside the ladies' room. ? If there is indeed a maid-in-waiting who wants to ask the men's palace for advice, it can only be? Are all inside the barrier. I'm sorry, it was taught from outside in the palace. ? In short, men and women don't kiss, and the emperor's woman can't even see it, let alone touch it.
But this is not a long-term solution to the problem, so the rulers thought of the harem and eunuch system in Song Dynasty and Liao State. Eunuchs in the harem are an indispensable part. Let these physically disabled eunuchs serve the concubines in the harem, which can effectively isolate the contact between women and normal men, and the emperor does not have to worry about his woman having an affair.
Second, why did the rulers use Han people as eunuchs instead of jurchen?
Since the eunuch system is to be established, should we first consider the people of the Jurchen nationality? The answer is no, why?
First of all, there is no such system of destroying people in the customs of Jurchen. If a normal man is castrated into a eunuch, not only will he lose his fertility, but even his bones, muscles, physique and other functions are difficult to compare with normal men. This is unacceptable to Nuzhen, who lives in the cold area in the north and has to go out with the army and other activities, and will not tolerate the existence of this system.
Jurchen advocates bravery and fortitude, and is not afraid of death. Jurchen respects strong and powerful men. Under such circumstances, men will not and will not enter the palace to be eunuchs, and it is inevitable to exclude feminine eunuchs.
Although Jurchen absorbed the eunuch system of the Central Plains Dynasty, there is no record in the existing history books that people of Jurchen origin were officials, mainly eunuchs. The early eunuchs were mainly officials captured in the Jin, Liao and Song wars, or other non-Jurchen nationalities, such as the Bohai Sea. The eunuchs' surnames recorded in the historical materials of the Jin Dynasty are Liang, Wang, Li and Pan, all of which are Han surnames, and those who do not see other nationalities are castrated as officials.
Third, the eunuch institutions in Jin Dynasty and the status and role of eunuchs.
1, eunuch institutions of rulers and duties of eunuchs
There are so many eunuchs in the harem to manage. What institutions are there to manage eunuchs? This should start with the political system reform of Jurchen. During the reign of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, the system of three provinces and six departments was established, which completed the transition from slavery to feudalism in the Jin Dynasty and strengthened centralization. King Hailing made persistent efforts to abolish Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province and establish Shangshu Province as the only province. In the process of constantly reforming the official system, the Jin Dynasty also established eunuch institutions, and the internal affairs office and the palace hall under Huizhou Academy were two institutions where eunuchs were concentrated.
Among them, the back office: make two members, from Bapin. (Xingding five years, from six products. ) Cheng Er, from doing. (Xingding five years, rose from seven products. ) take charge of the forbidden door, lead the prisoners in the temple, and go straight to their affairs with the prison officials and the royal family. Two directors, from nine grades, were promoted to eight grades five years later. Imperial straight, straight * * sixty-four. What are the halls of the empress dowager, the imperial concubine and the East Palace? Responsible for your commitments and access control keys? Prison. There's a prison. All the officials of the department, the supervisor, the supervisor and the office of the interior are under the jurisdiction of the office of the interior.
Due to the low position of the internal affairs bureau, the name of escort was created in the second year of Jin Zhangzong Taihe (1202), mainly for? Someone who has been promoted to the interior office and worked in the interior office for many years? Is a eunuch who rewards and provides security for the elderly. These include Zhong Chang Shi (positive five grades), Gui (from five grades), Neidian Tongzhi (positive six grades, first named Neidian to Shi), Huang Menlang (from six grades), Neitingchen (positive seven grades), Neitingchen (from seven grades) and Neitingchen (positive eight grades, unlimited). ), internal advanced (from Bapin). Gongju, formerly known as Gongbu, is also an important institution for managing eunuchs. In the second year of Dading, it was changed to the bureau, and the old order was changed to the ambassador and deputy. Pick it up. It's plus five. Made from five products. Agents from six products. In charge of the palace, it is forbidden to close the door, and the supervision rate, supervision and internal affairs are given to them. Straight length, positive eight product. There are 170 people in it. (Last 179 people. )
At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, when the eunuch system was created, both the internal servant bureau and the guard officer were subordinate to the palace bureau. With the development and refinement of the palace provincial system and the eunuch system, in the first year of Ming Chang (1 190), the internal servant bureau and the guard officer were separated from the palace bureau.
In addition to the internal affairs office and the palace hall, the eunuch's institutions also include the imperial hospital, the hidden library and the near affairs bureau. The Royal Hospital, which was established in the fifth year of Ming Chang (1 194), has collected the royal decoction in the palm of its hand, starting from the fifth grade. Straight, the emperor acted as a trusted eunuch. After all, the institution that gave the emperor royal soup was sloppy and was accused by the bad guys of killing the emperor's old son in minutes.
Built-in repository, (set for two years, divided into four repositories. ) make, from five products. Agents from six products. In charge of the treasures and property in the inner temple, and pay tribute together with the treasurer. Heterosexual members. This is an institution in charge of money, but it is not exclusive to eunuchs. Wang Tiande of Hailing (1 15 1). At first, Wang Guangdao was the ambassador of the library, and both Yu Wei and Liang Anren were led by eunuchs. .
The Jin dynasty's near-servant bureau was only in charge of the emperor's near-ministers, and this institution appeared in the period of Hailing King. Near the service office? Take charge of the attendants, accept pardon, and change jobs? Sir, the second is the ambassador and deputy ambassador. Founded in the eighth year of Taihe (1208). Make five grades and six grades. Straight long jurisdiction, for the positive eight products. The straight line length can be divided into bedroom bottom and bedroom bottom. In the 12th year of Dading (1 172), the name of Miantang Xiaodi was changed to Feng Yu, and that of Miantang Xiaodi was changed to Feng Zhi.
The near service bureau is an important place for military aircraft, Yuan? Liu Qi's Return to Qian Zhi (Volume 7) says:? The Jin dynasty recently had a heavy right to learn. Put a servant in the palace, although the position is five products, but close to the prime minister, such as China's old books. ?
In the near-service bureau, the importance of some aspects of these five senses can be compared with that of the prime minister. Since it is so important, the rulers of the Jin Dynasty are also very cautious about the appointment of the director of the near-service bureau. Jin Shizong once said to Jae-ji: To be an official, you should choose honest people. Although I don't listen to slanders, I will gradually hear fear! ? Generally speaking, eunuchs are not elected to appoint officials as directors. The golden law is close to the servant bureau and tastes politics, but what if there are fewer officials? . ? It also shows that this important institution generally does not reuse eunuchs. However, as mentioned in Volume 7 of Liu Qi's Return to Qian Zhi:? How many people are lucky in their duties? It is this that greatly reduces the opportunities for eunuchs to intervene in politics.
But there are also some special circumstances, eunuchs hold high positions in the near service bureau. Eunuch Liang Xun once served as the ambassador of the recent affairs bureau. Because king Hailing is a maverick and trusts eunuchs. "Golden history? Volume 69 records Wang Hailing's attitude towards eunuchs:? Liang Xun, Tiande for three years, started with Wang Guangdao as the ambassador to Tibet, and Wei Yu and Liang Anren were both led by eunuchs. Hailing is called Guangdao or something:? People say that bureaucrats are not available, but they don't think so. Zhang, a post-Tangzhuang native, led troops and made great achievements, and no one was involved. Your Excellency should know this. Everything hidden in the treasury is out of the people's power, and nine times out of ten it costs money. When rape is discovered, the offender will be punished unforgivably. ? When officials start to engage in politics, especially when they are appointed, they are tired of serving the bureau. There is also the construction of Nanjing Palace, which the Earl of Hailing asked Xun to see. At the right time, the cost of a temple is beyond my control. If you can't say it well, scatter it. Although Zhang Hao is also interested in things, he is very polite to them. ?
As can be seen from the book, King Hailing recognized the eunuch's ability, so he reused eunuchs such as Liang Xun, even the prime minister Zhang Hao was afraid of three points. But only a few eunuchs, such as Liang Xun, were highly valued by the Jin emperors. No one else has the king of Hailing. Bole? .
2. What did the eunuch do?
Eunuchs in the imperial palace of the Jin Dynasty can have official titles, ranks, titles and salaries, as well as official positions, official uniforms and official titles. Although the duties of eunuchs are mostly confined to serving concubines and empresses in the palace, there are exceptions, and they can also be in charge of foreign affairs. For example, Liang Xun was sent to work outside. History? When officials start to engage in politics, especially when they are appointed, they are tired of serving the bureau. There is also the construction of Nanjing Palace, which the Earl of Hailing asked Xun to see. ?
There are also a few eunuchs involved in state management. Biography? 69 volumes of records? Under the old system, officials were only responsible for court affairs. In the third year of Tiande, Wang Guangdao was the ambassador to Tibet, and Wei Yu and Liang Anren were both led by eunuchs. ? The treasurer is the institution in charge of the wealth and property of the official internal government. As eunuchs, Yu Wei and Liang Anren are managers here, which shows that the emperor still trusts them.
Compared with the higher-ranking eunuchs, the lower-level ordinary officials in the Jin Dynasty mainly belonged to the halls of the palace, the empress dowager, the imperial concubine and the Eastern Palace, providing food and clothing for the concubines and their masters in the harem, assisting the empress or the imperial concubine to maintain the rules and regulations in the palace, doing some daily chores, and doing housework in the imperial residence for life.
As eunuchs, the promotion of eunuchs does not require the examination of the imperial court. What positions and jobs eunuchs are allowed to hold depends entirely on the emperor or powerful people. Even those eunuchs who were appreciated by the Jin ruling class were just slaves in the eyes of the royal nobility, and their status was not as good as that of ordinary officials. Only a few eunuchs can turn Gan Kun around and join the ruling class. Most of them are slaves for life and die of old age in the harem.
Fourth, why didn't the eunuchs in the Jin Dynasty manipulate state affairs and hold real power?
1. First of all, rulers of the Jin Dynasty were deeply impressed by the history of eunuch autocracy in the Central Plains Dynasty, and were very wary of eunuch forces and strongly suppressed them.
The Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty all had the autocratic power of eunuchs. Why didn't the Jin Dynasty established by the resolute and brave Jurchen nationality have eunuch power? Are the eunuchs of the rulers loyal and honest? Obviously not. The fundamental reason is that the ruler of the ruler is clear-headed and refuses to delegate power to eunuchs. The eunuchs of the rulers only participate in politics and interfere in politics at most, far from being in power and doing whatever they want.
The rulers were extremely afraid of the history of eunuch autocracy in the Central Plains Dynasty, especially the lessons of the Han and Tang Dynasties. Records in the history of Jin Dynasty? In ancient times, all officials were punished, and the rest of the punishments could not be listed among the scholars, so the matter of being in charge of the temples was called it? Fushi? What? Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, officials have been inherited by adopted sons. In the Tang Dynasty, all the successors were eunuchs, and they just started to be promoted. They are smart, clever, eccentric and good at consolidating their good feelings. Their success is uncontrollable. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, an official died, but in the Tang Dynasty, it was nothing. Confucian scholars talk about the harm of being an official, such as the incurable poison of a tiger. The golden law is close to the servant bureau, and it tastes political affairs, but so what if there are fewer officials. ?
Historical data show that the Jin Dynasty had a deep understanding of eunuch autocracy and regarded it as a poisonous tiger. In such an important institution as the agency bureau, few eunuchs hold important positions, which also reduces the opportunities for eunuchs to exclusively interfere in state affairs.
The intervention of eunuchs and rulers in the Northern Song Dynasty at the same time also made jurchen remember it vividly. Especially Jurchen and Song Jian? Maritime alliance? At that time, he had close contact with the eunuch forces in the Northern Song Dynasty and got to know them. Tianfu two years (1 1 18), Jin Taizu? Li was sent to Song Dynasty and Song Guomen. Cai Jing and Tong Guan of Song Dynasty met him, and the imperial edict was used to attack Yan. ? ; Later Tianfu was four years old (1 120). Send Wu Hekui and other messengers to Tong Lishi Hall in Ryo Kunihiko? . For rulers, the power of eunuchs like Tong Guan is second only to that of the prime minister, which makes them hard to understand, and also rejects this feminine wind, and does not give eunuchs much room for rights.
Jin Shizong Yong learned from Hailing King's lesson of reusing eunuchs Liang Xun, suppressed eunuchs' forces, and personally wrote a letter to prevent eunuchs' forces from invading the Bureau of Foreign Affairs. Since then, the rulers of the Jin dynasty have resolutely implemented this policy, so that eunuchs have never formed an independent and powerful power group, relying entirely on imperial power or other powerful forces to survive.
2. Rulers also have eunuchs in power. What harm did they do?
Of course, even if the rulers of the Jin Dynasty took precautions against the eunuch's autocratic power, the eunuch still did some harm to the imperial power.
Compared with the emperors of the Central Plains Dynasty, the emperors of the Jin Dynasty could not avoid customs. King Hailing of Jin Dynasty liked eunuchs very much. What did King Hailing do to eunuchs? Besides, dating is more tiring. He used eunuch Liang Xun to supervise Prime Minister Zhang Hao and balance the power of courtiers. During the construction of Nanjing Wangfu, Hailing Wang sent eunuch Liang Xun to inspect Nanjing many times, nominally to supervise the progress of the project, but actually to monitor the Prime Minister Zhang Hao. Shi zai Liang Xun:? Luck is easy and good at catering to people's wishes. Hailing is very valued. She says everything. . What is said here is that Liang Xun is good at flattering and catering to the imperial edict, and won the favor of King Hailing.
Liang Xun meets Wang Hailing's desire for success and lust for beauty. Sheng talks about the richness of Jiangnan and the abundance of children? , also said? In the Song Dynasty, Liu Guifei was gorgeous and beautiful, not as good as Huarui of Shu and Wu's. ? It greatly stimulated the greed of Hailing King, and made Hailing King persist in cutting down the Song Dynasty to establish immortal feats regardless of the domestic Qidan rebellion. As a result, the song dynasty failed to cut, and the nomads from the army mutinied and killed the king of Hailing. Liang Xun also died in the disorderly army, mutually assured destruction with Hailing Wang.
At least Liang Xun is still making waves around the emperor. This eunuch named Li Xinxi is really wronged. After Jin Zhangzong became seriously ill, Li Lishi, the princess of Yuan Dynasty who was favored by Zhang Zong at that time, was very powerful. He joined forces with eunuch Li Xinxi and Pingzhang political affairs Wan Yankuang to control Hongyan Yongji and proclaimed himself emperor. He thinks he can get ahead with the help of standing. Unexpectedly, after Hong Yan Yongji acceded to the throne, he was afraid of the influence of Yuan Fei, but instead put Yuan Fei Li Lishi and eunuch Li Xinxi to death to protect the throne.
After Shao Wei Wang Yan Yongji succeeded to the throne, he was threatened by the Mongolian army. At this point, Hu, who stayed in Xijing, went to the Privy Council. He was a appeasement policy and didn't want to stop the Mongolian army. But led the army to retreat and return to Zhongdu. Yan Yan Yongji not only failed to punish him, but also used him as a general. Hu rebelled to repay the favor, led the rebels to occupy the palace, and hijacked Wang Yanji out of the palace. Li Si, an official, was killed by a mansion? Finally, Li Si, the eunuch sent by Hu, poisoned Yongji with poisoned wine. Eunuchs should have maintained imperial power, but when imperial power declined, they turned to new rulers.
After Hu seized power, he claimed to be the Grand Marshal of the Imperial Capital and sent a eunuch from Huangmen to the Inner Palace to get a seal, which was reprimanded by Zheng, the left wife of the Upper Palace. Zheng Yue:? What will the officials of India, used by Emperor Hu, do? ? Huang men said:? Things have changed a lot today, and the Lord is still in danger. What happened? An imperial envoy should figure out his own plan. ? Zheng sternly rebuked:? If you meet Youlong in the palace, it's hard for you not to repay him with death, but to seize the seal and turn it upside down! I'll die, and the seal won't be with me. ? I closed my eyes and said nothing.
This desperate battle of Zheng repelled the eunuch of Huangmen, and finally let Hu not get this precious seal. What a strange girl. In contrast, unfaithful and unjust eunuchs are worse than a woman when they obey traitors and kill emperors.
To sum up, although eunuchs participated in politics and intervened in politics in the Jin Dynasty, the overall threat to imperial power was relatively small. The eunuch system in Jin Dynasty came into being with the development of Jin Dynasty and the reform of sinicization, and was gradually established and improved on the basis of learning from the eunuch system in Song Dynasty and Liao State. The survival of the rulers eunuchs depended on the imperial power, or have it both ways obeyed the powerful minister, so the rulers eunuchs had no chance or ability to form an independent political force. The influence of the vast majority of eunuchs is limited to the harem, engaged in harem chores, and there are not many opportunities to participate in state affairs. In the history of Jin dynasty, it was all under the suppression and control of imperial power. After the Jin Dynasty, there was no eunuch in power, and there was no disaster in the outline. Isn't this the luck of the ruler?