High school geography compulsory knowledge points
I. Unit 1 Cosmic Environment
Man's understanding of the universe is deepening.
The universe is material and moving.
The existing form of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (such as stars, etc. ; And interstellar gas and dust)
Gravitation and rotation between celestial bodies: celestial system
The hierarchy of celestial bodies: Earth-Moon System-Solar System-Galaxy-General Galaxy.
Extragalactic galaxy-total galaxy
The earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the earth and the reason for the existence of life on the earth.
Map of the solar system: the classification of the eight planets according to their structural characteristics and their respective members (universality of the earth)
The location of the asteroid belt
comet
Central celestial body: the sun (with the largest mass)
The reason for the existence of life on the earth (the particularity of the earth)
The causes of the cosmic environment: the eight planets go their own way and do not interfere with each other; The sunlight is stable.
Earth's own reasons: the distance between the sun and the earth is appropriate; Suitable volume and quality
The energy source of the sun and its great influence on the earth
Source: nuclear fusion in the center of the sun
Impact: it is the main driving force of water, atmosphere and biological circulation in nature; Energy sources for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)
Materials)
The Influence of Sunspots and Flares on the Earth
Comparison of solar activity types in the solar atmosphere and its influence on the earth
The number and size of sunspots in the photosphere is a sign of solar activity intensity, which interferes with the correlation between climate, precipitation and the number of sunspots.
Ionosphere, which affects short-wave communication, interferes with the earth's magnetic field and causes magnetic storms.
Chromospheric flares show the strongest solar activity; But they often appear together, and the activity cycle is 1 1 year.
The direction and period of the earth's rotation
Rotation direction: from east to west; The north pole is counterclockwise; Antarctic clockwise
Period: 1 sidereal day.
The alternation of day and night and local time-one of the phenomena caused by the earth's rotation, second
Alternate day and night
The meaning and position of the termination line.
The concept of solar height: the solar height in the solar hemisphere and the night hemisphere? Sun height on the termination line =0.
The cycle and significance of day and night alternation: 1 solar day (24 hours)
Different longitudes have different local time.
Rotation from west to east: local time is early in the east and late in the west; Every longitude 15, the local time difference is 1 hour.
Influence of geostrophic deviatoric force on horizontal moving objects on the surface-the third phenomenon produced by the earth's rotation
Left deviation of the southern hemisphere; Right deviation in the northern hemisphere; Equatorial unbiased
Impact: wind direction; Ocean current; Scouring and sediment deposition on both sides of the river
Direction, orbit, period and intersection angle of the earth's revolution
Rotation direction: same as rotation direction.
Orbit of revolution: an ellipse close to a perfect circle; Location and approximate date of perihelion and apohelion
Period: 1 sidereal year
The change of speed: perihelion is the fastest; Apohelion is the slowest.
The intersection of yellow and red (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Attach importance to the three-dimensional diagram and plan of the intersection of the yellow river and the pond;
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the map, and ask to be able to draw and describe them.
Earth axis, termination line, equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, tropic of cancer, south arctic circle, direct sunlight (point).
Relationship between declination angle and inclination angle of earth axis.
Influence of Yellow-Red Intersection Angle: Movement of Direct Solar Point on the Surface —— Temporal Distribution of Solar Radiation on the Surface
Make clear the movement law and period of the direct point of the sun:-take 1 tropic year as the period, and return to the north and south.
Move back and forth between the lines (there is a straight shot on the line; There are two straight shots between the lines)
What changes in the range of five zones will be caused by the change of yellow-red intersection angle?
"Equal division of graph"
The position of the earth and the corresponding date and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth axis, the approximate position of perihelion and the speed of revolution.
Change of
10, the formation of four seasons and five regions
Geographical phenomena caused by the earth's rotation
Annual variation of solar height angle at noon;
Distribution law of different latitudes on the same day: decreasing from the latitude directly pointing to the north and south (sun bisector)
Changes of the same latitude in different seasons: near big and far small (around June 22? 65438+around February 22nd? )
Annual variation of the length of day and night:
The day pointing to the hemisphere is longer than the night, and the higher the latitude, the longer the day.
The day that points directly to the hemisphere is getting longer and longer.
Around June 22, the northern hemisphere? -The northern hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night, and there are extreme days in and around the Arctic Circle.
65438+around February 22nd, Northern Hemisphere? The shortest day and the longest night are at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and there are polar nights in and around the Arctic Circle.
Spring and autumn equinox? -divide the day and night around the world.
Equator? -equal parts day and night all year round.
Division of four seasons: (obvious mid-latitude)
Seasonal variation of the height of the sun and the length of day and night at noon-the time with the highest sun and the longest day is astronomical summer.
Astronomical winter is the time when the sun is the lowest and the day is the shortest.
Unit 2 Atmospheric Environment
1, the composition of the atmosphere and the role of major components, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities.
The composition of the lower atmosphere: clean air with stable proportion (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor and solid impurities.
Nitrogen-the basic component of organisms
Oxygen-a necessary substance for life activities
Carbon dioxide-the raw material of photosynthesis; Thermal insulation function
Ozone, the umbrella of life on earth, absorbs ultraviolet rays.
The formation of water vapor and solid impurities-clouds leads to rain; Impurities: condensed nuclei
2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the influence of each layer on human activities.
Relationship between other characteristics of airflow and people.
The higher the troposphere, the lower it is. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass. Water vapor and dust; Inconsistent weather phenomena at different latitudes
The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; The existence of ozone layer
There is ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; Solar activity interferes with short-wave communication
3. Atmospheric heating process
(1) Basic energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various radiation and the essence of solar radiation-short wave radiation).
(2) the heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth and the earth heats the atmosphere.
Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (with examples)
The main reason affecting the weakening degree is the solar altitude angle (the weakening degree is different at different latitudes)
Thermal insulation of the ground atmosphere;
Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); Atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)
The process of heat preservation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; Atmospheric inverse radiation returns heat to the ground.
(Illustrations and examples-such as when the frost occurred; Comparison of daily temperature difference)
The significance of heat preservation: reducing the daily variation of temperature; Ensure the appropriate temperature of the earth; Maintain global heat balance
4. Causes of vertical and horizontal motion of the atmosphere.
(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric motion: uneven cold and hot (between latitudes; Between land and sea)
(2) the form of atmospheric movement:
The simplest form: thermal cycle (diagram and explanation); Example: suburban wind; Sea-land wind; The main reason of monsoon
Decomposition of thermal cycle: vertical motion of atmosphere caused by uneven cooling and heating
Horizontal air pressure difference Horizontal air flow flows from high pressure to low pressure.
Horizontal motion of the atmosphere (wind):
The root cause of wind: uneven heat and cold
The direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)
Three forces affecting wind: horizontal pressure gradient force; Geostrophic deflection; surface friction
Determination of wind direction: 1 force wind (theoretical wind)-vertical isobar, high pressure pointing to low pressure force wind (high altitude wind)-parallel.
3- force wind (actual ground wind) at the isobar, north to right, south to left-obliquely crossing the isobar, north to right, south to left, pay attention to the northern half.
Wind direction diagram of a point in the actual surface pressure field of the ball
5. Three-circle circulation and the formation of pressure zone and wind zone
(1) No rotation, uniform surface-single cycle (thermal cycle)
(2) Rotation, uniform surface-three-circle circulation
(3) Composition of three-circle circulation: 0-30 low latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high latitude circulation
Formation of seven kinds of air pressures and six kinds of winds on the ground: an ideal model of zonal distribution
Wet and dry conditions in each pressure zone (low pressure and low humidity; High pressure drying)
Wind direction and dry and wet conditions in each wind area (trade winds are generally dry; The west wind is wet)
Polar front: close to 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds.
The pressure zone and wind zone move with the seasonal north-south movement of the direct point of the sun.
(4) Influence of land and sea distribution on pressure area and wind area: actual surface conditions (blocky)
The most important influence: the temperature difference between land and sea.
Performance (atmospheric activity center): July (summer) Northern Hemisphere: Eurasian continent-Asian depression; Pacific upper high
Northern hemisphere 65438+ 10 month (winter): Eurasian continent-Asian high; Pacific high and low pressure
(5) Monsoon circulation (note the chart)
Conceptual understanding: it is an integral part of global atmospheric circulation; East Asian monsoon is the most typical.
The cause of monsoon: the main reason-the thermal difference between land and sea (can explain the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; Winter winds in South Asia)
The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward, crosses the equator and turns right to the southwest wind.
(or simply: seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt)
The influence of monsoon: the common characteristics of monsoon: the same period of rain and heat; The precipitation season changes greatly, which is prone to drought and flood disasters.
Two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by Qinhuai line); Their respective climatic characteristics
-temperate monsoon climate: the monsoon area north of Qinhuai; Winter is dry and cold; Summer hot and humid
How to study geography in senior high school effectively?
The combination of pictures and texts is easy to learn and remember.
Geography learning is inseparable from maps, so we must pay attention to them. Knowing and using maps is also the most important basic skill of geography.
There are all kinds of colorful illustrations in geography textbooks for senior high schools, which, together with words, make the presentation of teaching materials more intuitive, vivid and vivid.
When studying, both physical geography and human geography should pay attention to the study and application of maps. Only by combining pictures and texts can we better know, understand and master all kinds of geographical things and phenomena, geographical laws and principles, and make geography easy to understand, learn, remember and use.
For example, the content of "the length of day and night and the change of the noon sun height" must be studied in combination with the image of "the global length of a day and the noon sun height angle from the bisector to the day", so that it can be clearly expounded and thoroughly understood, and it can be flexibly used and successfully answered when encountering relevant knowledge questions. It is difficult to understand and answer such a question without a map.
For another example, the content of "world urbanization process", combined with "world urban population proportion growth map" and "Shanghai urban construction land expansion map", makes it easier for us to understand the concept of urbanization and remember the three main signs of urbanization.
Map is the carrier of geographical knowledge and the most important tool for learning geography. Using maps to memorize geographical knowledge is the most accurate, firm and effective memory method.
Geographical content is complex, but almost all geographical knowledge comes from its location on the relevant map. When studying, we should combine reading with drawing, find out the geographical knowledge one by one on the map, implement it and memorize it;
Usually, you should read more pictures (you can also fill in the pictures), "never leave your hand" (you can read them for a few minutes at a time), and print them in your mind to reproduce your knowledge on them.
In this way, when solving geographical problems, we can come up with a vivid and clear map: earth movement, atmospheric stratification, distribution of mountains and rivers, ocean current direction, national location, railway trunk lines, industrial centers ... so as to extract the necessary information accurately and effectively and answer calmly.
(1) Learn to classify: maps include sunshine map, statistical map, topographic profile map, geological map, geographical landscape map, geographical principle sketch map, geographical cartoon map, geographical data map, geographical structure map and geographical contour map.
(2) Learn to look at pictures: ① Look at the theme of the pictures first; ② See the legend clearly; ③ Pay attention to details; ④ Connecting with practice.
(3) Learn to change the map: ① Tu Tu transform (section map is converted into plan map); ② Graphic-text conversion.
(4) Learn to use maps: ① Use maps to summarize geographical laws or characteristics; ② There is graph memory.
Knowledge connection, mastery.
The focus of learning is to master "What are the rules?" "Why?" The question of "what to do".
Junior high school geography is more about learning "where?" Problems such as "what kind of things" and "what characteristics" inevitably involve many things that need to be memorized, so the focus of its learning method is to solve how to memorize these geographical facts scientifically and efficiently.
High school geography focuses on the laws of geographical things and their influence on human production and life. By exploring the causes of these laws, it serves for human beings to form corresponding countermeasures.
In other words, it is necessary to focus on the comprehensive analysis of multiple factors, summarize those complicated geographical facts, derive some laws from them, grasp their causes in essence, and finally form corresponding countermeasures for human production and life.
It can be seen that the core of geography learning in senior high school is understanding rather than memory, and application rather than memory.
Regional location, topography, climate, rivers, resources and other geographical elements in junior high school geography are often the basis of senior high school system geography, especially human geography.
Therefore, having the necessary knowledge of junior high school geography is the guarantee to learn senior high school geography well. However, due to various reasons, some students' junior high school geography knowledge has been forgotten, which has affected the study of senior high school geography. Therefore, in the process of learning high school geography, it is necessary to review some knowledge of junior high school geography.
You can spend some time (casually reading newspapers and magazines) browsing junior high school geography textbooks, mainly including the knowledge of earth map, the distribution of continents and oceans, the basic situation of major countries and regions in the world, the geographical division of China, etc., to deepen the impression of these basic knowledge in your mind.
When it comes to junior high school knowledge, we should consult the regional map or review the relevant contents of junior high school in time, pay attention to the organic connection between senior high school and junior high school knowledge, and put the systematic geographical knowledge into specific geographical areas to understand, analyze and solve problems, so as to achieve mastery of knowledge.
Summary and classification, knowledge transfer
Have a lot of geographical knowledge and flexible proposition methods. Unlike politics and history, answers to many questions can be found in textbooks. In the final analysis, geography learning is a kind of learning method, and the improvement of geography achievement inevitably requires mastering methods and skills.
It is particularly important to sort out, summarize and classify wrong questions and transfer knowledge flexibly. Learning to summarize and classify is to make good use of the wrong problem book, analyze the reasons for the mistakes and find out the rationality of the correct answers. After finishing it, you should always read it from beginning to end.
The answers to geography comprehensive questions are formatted and typed, which are often closely related to textbook knowledge. Therefore, in learning, we should be good at summarizing the laws, location conditions or influencing factors of the occurrence and development of each geographical thing, and find the corresponding knowledge points in comparison with textbooks. In the future, we can use this model to "tailor the problem to the specific geographical background" and modify it to get higher scores.
High school geography calculation formula
1, extreme day and night range = 90-degree of direct sunlight.
2. Formula of relative height of two points: the relative height is less than (n+ 1)_ vertical interval and greater than or equal to (n+ 1)_ vertical interval.
Where n is the number of contours.
3. Local time:
(1) According to the formation time of solar irradiation, for example, the meridian (located in the center of the daytime hemisphere) where the direct point of the sun is located is 12. The rotation of the earth will change the light, which will change with time. )
Requirements: The distribution of special places (such as 12, 0 or 24, 6, 18) can be read on any form of sunshine map.
(2) Calculation on the diagram:
The longitude difference per 15 degree is 1 hour (or 1 degree /4 minutes, longitude 1 minute /4 seconds), which is earlier (positive) in the east and later (negative) in the west.
Note: When crossing international date line, the date will be increased (to the west) and decreased (to the east) by one day.
(3) Formula calculation:
(Longitude A- Longitude B) _ 1 hour/15 degrees = local time A- local time B.
Note: East longitude is written as a positive number, while west longitude is written as a negative number. Positive and negative longitudes take into account the date difference between the two sides of the date line.
4. Time zone:
(1) In order to facilitate local communication, the global longitude is divided into 24 time zones, and each time zone takes the local time of its central meridian as the common time zone for all time zones.
(2) Time zone calculation of longitude:
Longitude/15 degrees = quotient ... remainder.
If the remainder is less than 7.5, the time zone = quotient.
If the remainder is greater than 7.5, the time zone = quotient+1.
5. Time zone
(1) Every time the time zone differs by 1 time zone, the time zone differs by 1 hour, which is earlier (more) in the east and later (less) in the west.
Note: The date crossing the date line should be increased or decreased by one day.
(2) Formula calculation:
Time zone A- time zone B = time zone A- time zone b.
Note: the eastern time zone is written as a positive number, and the western time zone is written as a negative number. Positive and negative numbers have taken into account the date difference between the two sides of the date line.
6, noon sun height:
(1) noon solar height refers to the maximum solar height in a day, that is, the solar height at 12 local time.
(2) Derivation on Graph (omitted)
(3) Calculation formula (compared with direct point):
90 degrees-somewhere H= the absolute value of the angular difference between the latitude of the direct point and the latitude of a certain place.
Tip: You can write the north latitude as a positive number and the south latitude as a negative number.
(4) Calculation formula (compared with any latitude)
The absolute value of A H- B H = (A latitude-B latitude).
Note: the northern latitude is written as a positive number, and the southern latitude is written as a negative number.
Related articles on compulsory knowledge of geography in senior high school in 2022;
★ Summary of required knowledge points of biology in 2022 college entrance examination
★ Summary and selection of knowledge points that must be memorized in the history of 2022 college entrance examination
★ Summary of required knowledge points of physics in 2022 college entrance examination
★10 Analysis and summary of examination results in March 2022.
★ Summary of high school history knowledge points (compulsory one)
★10 Work Plan of Key High Schools in 2022
★ Summary of a compulsory knowledge point in high school history
★ The second chapter of senior high school geography is a compulsory course.
★ High school geography is a compulsory knowledge point.
★ Summary of all knowledge points of high school geography