Beijing, the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC) with a population of more than 20 million, is the political, economic and cultural center of contemporary China. Beijing is also a famous historical and cultural city with a history of more than 3,000 years and 800 years. In the Yuan Dynasty, its name was Dadu. This is a prosperous city in Yuan Dynasty, located on Jinlianchuan grassland in Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Everything in front of us is so shabby, only these tenacious elms have brought a little vitality here. It was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Two cities, two fates, one is a household name and the other is a little known. Many people don't know that these two cities were once closely related and closely linked. From the13rd century, the Yuan Dynasty established a basic political system by relying on these two cities. Every emperor of the Yuan Dynasty toured back and forth between these two cities: patrolling the capital from the north in spring, returning to the capital from the south in autumn, and so on. Year after year, the two cities, Dadu and Dushan, formed two nerve centers of the Yuan Dynasty empire.
It's February 17th, Lunar New Year 1289. Yuan Dadu wakes up from the cold winter again, the ice and snow melt, and the spring is chilly. Outside Jiande Gate, hundreds of officials gathered, drums and music were ringing, and a huge team was preparing to start from here and March north. The most striking thing in the parade was an elephant chariot pulled by four elephants. These trophies of Kublai Khan's battle in Myanmar became the emperor's mounts. Elephant webbed with lion's skin and colorful flags in four corners. Every elephant rides on its back and guides the elephant net forward. Riding an elephant chariot is Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. The military personnel include the guards, family members of the harem, civil and military officials and literati. From this day on, the mighty procession traveled more than 800 miles to Kaiping, another capital of the Yuan Empire, where the emperor would spend the whole summer. This is a rare "two-Beijing tour" system in the history of China. Then, why did Kublai Khan bother to travel back and forth between the two capitals and consume the precious energy of the emperor in this vast mountain jungle?
During Genghis Khan's period, Mongolia did not have its own official capital, but established its own ruling center-four ears-at the source of the Qiluan River, Nanhe River and Tuwula River. It was not until the second Khan Wokuotai ascended the throne, that is, A.D. 1235, that Hala and Lincheng were built on the banks of the Orhun River as the capital of Mongolia. Since then, after two great khans, Khala and Lin, have been regarded as the capital of Mongolia. It was not until Kublai Khan, who was in charge of Han affairs, ascended the great Khan position that the ruling center of Mongolian regime moved south.
Wei Jian: It should be said that the establishment of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty was caused by many opportunities. One is that when the Mongols became powerful, they needed to go south to the desert and rule in the Han Dynasty. In addition, Kublai Khan was surrounded by a group of counselors and military commanders of many different nationalities, including Han Chinese and Khitans. First of all, they want to gather strength near the Han Dynasty and have an activity place. So they built a city here in Jinlianchuan.
Liu is the most important counselor around Kublai Khan. He used to be a Taoist and later became a monk. He is well-read and well-versed in the Book of Changes, astronomy, geography, legal calendar and Taoism. Kaiping city is located on the lightning river in the upper reaches of Luanhe River, with rolling hills in the north and open grasslands in the east and west. Every summer, there are aquatic plants and golden lotus everywhere, so it was renamed as Jinlianchuan by Jin Shizong.
In A.D. 1256, under the auspices of Liu, ground was broken for Kaiping New Town. Taoist priests sat for five days and five nights, followed Wang Fu officials to various places, and threw golden dragons and jade books into famous mountains and rivers, and Kaiping House was soon built. In A.D. 1259, Mongolian Khan Mongo died in the process of attacking the Southern Song Dynasty. In the second year, namely 1260, Kublai Khan held a Hulitai meeting here, and announced the status of Khan, thus establishing the great unity of the Yuan Dynasty, and Kaiping became the political center of Kublai Khan's rule. Kaiping City was later expanded into a veritable imperial city, a magnificent grassland city-Yuanshangdu.
After completion, Shangdu City consists of Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer City. The outer city and the imperial city are square, and Miyagi is slightly rectangular. The outer city building has Mongolian characteristics, the city wall is made of loess slabs, and the northern part is a royal garden for Kublai Khan to set foot in. There are government offices and workshops in the south, and some old people hold important celebration banquets according to the old Mongolian system. The streets in the imperial city are clean and tidy, and buildings such as yamen, temples and Taoist temples are scattered. There are wings on the east and west sides, Xiguan is a commercial area with a prosperous market, Dongguan is close to the imperial city, and accounting offices are dotted around, which is the place where the kings who come to pilgrimage place their ministries.
Miyagi is located in the southeast corner of the city, with turrets in each corner, one in the east, one in the south and one in the west, and a flat square outside the city. Most buildings in Miyagi are Chinese. The core building is the magnificent Da 'an Pavilion, which was built according to Xichun Pavilion, which was demolished in Bianjing in Song Dynasty. It is said that there are "tens of thousands" of wood removed from Xichun Pavilion in Bianjing, and it is very expensive to transport it to Kaiping by land and water. This is also the place where Kublai Khan visited the DPRK, discussed politics, met with ministers and held other important ceremonies.
Liu Xiao: When he built the capital, he combined the planning of the capital of the Central Plains with some characteristics of Mongolian grassland, so it was a dual capital. At that time, the capital was really prosperous, people of all colors and all over the world were there, and then everyone traded with each other, including other ways of communication. It should be a very busy place.
Wei Jian: unified in Jianyuan 1260. The first year of reunification, Dayuan Dynasty 127 1 year, eleven years later. Therefore, in these ten years, it was actually called Kaiping in Shangdu, which actually played the role of a temporary capital. At that time, Mongols fought everywhere, constantly expanding their territory, and their prestige increased greatly. However, after he gradually settled down, especially after the rule of the Han Dynasty was gradually stabilized, Kublai Khan began to pay attention to the stability of the whole country and system, and the economic development of the Han Dynasty had great temptation to the north. Therefore, if you want to develop, you can't do without the economy of Han, and the future development of his country depends on this place, so he must have capital to be a capital.
The location of most of them was quickly determined, that is, Yanjing at that time, and its name was Daxing. The history of Yanjing's city construction can be traced back to Yu Ji, the ancient capital of Yan State, more than 3,000 years ago. In the long years, it has been a transportation hub from south to north. By the time of Kublai Khan's rule, the name here had already been restored from Jinzhong to Yanjing, and Kublai Khan chose this place to build his capital, for another important reason. A month after Kublai Khan ascended the Khan throne in Kaiping, his younger brother, Ali Bug, with the support of some Mongolian kings, announced his succession to Khan. After five years of fighting for the position of Khan, Yanjing became an important military station in the north of the Han Dynasty, further highlighting the necessity of establishing the capital of the Han Dynasty.
In A.D. 1263, Kublai Khan officially made Kaiping his capital and built another political center in Yanjing. From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1264), Yanjing was officially named Zhongdu. However, the new Zhongdu could not be built on the basis of the Jin Dynasty Zhongdu, because after the Mongolian army occupied it in 12 15, Jindu was already in ruins, and more importantly, there were problems in urban water supply here.
Liu Xiao: It's near the lotus pond in the west. The amount of water is not large, but it is not suitable for the future development of metropolis. Finally, I chose the northeast part of Jinzhongdu. Why did you choose this place? This place used to have the departure of the Jin Dynasty, that is, the departure of the emperor, and the water system was very developed. Moreover, this detached palace, like Qionghua Island, was built before the capital was built, so it is very reasonable to expand outward with this as the center.
Qionghua Island, located in today's Beijing Beihai Park, was originally a detached palace in the Jin Dynasty, and the famous Guanghan Hall was built on the island. In 126 1 year, Kublai Khan ordered the restoration of Guanghan Temple on Qionghua Island, and the preparations for the construction of the new capital of the Yuan Empire began. Guanghan Temple used to be the commanding height of the whole new capital, with magnificent architecture. It overlooks the western hills and enjoys the beautiful scenery of the capital. Unfortunately, this magnificent palace collapsed during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and there is no trace to be found since then, leaving only a huge jar that Kublai Khan once used, which was stored in the Chengguang Hall and Yuanbao in Beihai. This wine jar, named "Despising Mountains and Jade Sea", has become a historical witness of most urban construction.
In the 4th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1267), Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Zhongdu New Town, in the 8th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 year), Mongolia officially named the country "Dayuan", in the 9th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1272), Kublai Khan. In the first month of the 11th year of Zhiyuan (1274), Kublai Khan was respected by all the princes and ministers.
Most of the Yuan Dynasty inherited the layout of the triple walls of the imperial palace, imperial city and outer city. Its chief designer is still Liu. The design concept mainly comes from Zhou Li's Book of Examinations, which is square with nine miles on each side and three doors on each side. Nine broad avenues crisscross, and the design of most of them strictly follows the overall layout of the former dynasty, Zuo Zu and You She. In today's Beijing, the remains of the Yuan Dynasty are very limited. However, Wang Gang, a researcher who studied the Yuan Dynasty for more than 20 years, told us that the scale of the metropolitan city ordered by Kublai Khan should be very grand.
Wang Gang: This is the site of the Yuan Dynasty city wall. This kind of earth wall was mainly used when the metropolis was built. Now our position is probably at the position of Qingmen, which is the gate of this wall on the north side of the Western Wall of the Yuan Dynasty. The original wall is very high and wide, and the ratio of width to height is about three to two. According to the literature, it is called the 60-mile city edge, and its scale can be said to be in Peking, the capital of ancient China. It is even bigger than the wall of Beijing built in the Ming Dynasty.
The outer wall of Yuandadu is rammed by loess, with a wide bottom and gradually narrowing, and the width-height ratio at the top is 3:2: 1. In order to cope with the rainy summer, many drainage facilities were designed on the city wall, which was once covered with reed clothes. The circumference of the whole city wall is 28,600 meters, and there are 1 1 gates around the city wall.
Chen Gaohua: Many poems in the Yuan Dynasty mentioned Nezha, a metropolis with three heads, six arms, three heads, three gates in the south and three gates in the east and west. These are six arms and two legs, belonging to two doors in the north. It is designed according to the legend of Nezha. It may be related to the fact that people thought Nezha was the patron saint at that time, so most of them were designed as symbols of Nezha's image and made eleven doors.
Wang Gang: In the theory of Yin and Yang, the singular belongs to Yang and the even belongs to Yin. Therefore, the north gate, because it belongs to the yin side, has four gates in the Song Dynasty and even numbers in the Yuan Dynasty. That's good. From the institutional point of view, it embodies the concept of Yin and Yang in ancient China, which is a statement. This statement coincides with the legendary image of Nezha with three heads, six arms and two feet. It is such an image, so when people in the Yuan Dynasty wrote poems at that time, they mostly mentioned Nezha City, which is a coincidence of the legend and the actual capital system, or an accidental factor in the inheritance.
The magnificent Dadoucheng took more than 20 years to complete. The whole Dadoucheng sits facing south, symmetrically distributed with the central platform on the northeast bank of Jishuitan as the benchmark. The central platform has an area of one mu square, which is the center point of the urban plane layout measured by Liu. On the south side, there is a stone tablet engraved with the words "Taiwan in the center", which extends from the old Jinkou River in the south (now Chang 'an Avenue) to the Jishuitan Lake in the west as the radius, and spreads symmetrically to the east and west sides to determine the four sides of the whole city, which is unprecedented in the history of China's capital city. However, although the central platform is the center of the whole city, it is not the seat of the imperial city, but two more important buildings in people's lives in the Yuan Dynasty-the Bell Tower and the Drum Tower.
Wang Gang: The Bell Tower and Drum Tower were the centers of the whole city in the Yuan Dynasty. This kind of planning and design began in the Yuan Dynasty. It was a reflection of people's concept of the whole city at that time, that is, the development of society. It should be operated according to the development law of nature and celestial bodies. That's the idea. So at that time, he put this day, in fact, the bell tower and drum tower related to heaven, in the most important position in the city, even higher than the imperial power.
The imperial city and Miyagi in the Yuan Dynasty were different from Beijing today. The Imperial City consists of three buildings centered on the Ethereum, and there is a royal garden in the north, surrounded by the whole imperial city water system. However, the area of Miyagi is not as big as the Forbidden City today. It is located in the east of the imperial city, on the north-south axis of the city. The main buildings in Miyagi are divided into two parts, Daming Hall in the south and Yanchun Pavilion in the north. Daming Hall is the place where the imperial court held important ceremonies, and important events such as the emperor's accession to the throne, New Year's Day and birthday celebrations were held here. Behind the Daming Hall is Yanchun Pavilion, which you call Yanchun Hall. It is the place where religious ceremonies such as Buddhism and Taoism and court banquets are held.
In today's Beijing, Hutong has become the most representative historical symbol. Few people know the word Hutong, which was originally the name of a well in Mongolia. Prior to this, most of the designs of the capital of China followed the rules of the square time system. High walls are people's residential areas, while commercial and trade areas are specially set up. This pattern was not broken until the Northern Song Dynasty. At first, most of them completely broke the design of the square wall.
Wang Gang: Mongolian nomads attach great importance to the development of commerce, and they will definitely break the shackles of city squares. On the other hand, there is a more important factor, that is, political considerations. One is that residents have nothing to hide from their activities, and they will easily suppress people's resistance. At the same time, Dadoucheng has also begun to change as a capital, that is, from a square system to a street quadrangle system. At present, many hutongs and quadrangles in the east and west cities of Beijing have basically retained the old pattern of the Yuan Dynasty and remained basically unchanged.
Wide streets and criss-crossing hutongs have brought unprecedented convenience to people, and transactions have become extremely easy. There are 400,000 to 500,000 people living here all the year round. Businessmen, hired soldiers, travelers, diplomatic envoys, missionaries and craftsmen from all over the world speak various dialects. Businessmen from Persia, Arabia and North Korea trafficked horses, ginseng and flax to Dadu, and then trafficked all kinds of daily necessities, textiles and books back, making Dadu an international metropolis in the Middle Ages.
However, the normal operation of all this stems from an important planning and design of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the water system. The water conservancy construction in Yuan Dynasty is remarkable in the history of China. Guo Shoujing, a famous hydraulic scientist, not only outlined the general pattern of water conservancy in Yuan Dynasty, but also woven a water network that made most areas prosperous.
Wang Gang: The water system of this sorghum river, including the water used by metropolis, including the water transportation of Tonghui River now, and the transportation of various materials from Tongzhou to Dadoucheng, all took this water system, so ships in the south of the Yangtze River could be transported all the way to the waters of Jishuitan through canals at that time. This is a gate of our Tonghui River. In the Yuan Dynasty, wooden doors were originally built. After the wooden door was repaired, it decayed after a long time. After it rotted, it became a stone gate. It has been more than 700 years now, and this stone gate is still very well preserved. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, including Huitong River and Yu He River, also has such gates on other rivers.
Jinshui River and Taiye Pool constitute the water system of the Palace, while the water delivery system consisting of Gaoliang River, Haizi River and Tonghui River and wells all over the city meet the domestic water demand of the residents in the city. Most three-dimensional water supply systems not only meet the daily needs of hundreds of thousands of people, but also make it possible to transport most kinds of goods, and realize the exchange and integration of North-South culture and even East-West culture in the world.
At this time, Yuanshangdu has also become the most prosperous economic center in northern China at that time. There are developed handicraft workshops and commercial exchange markets, and it is also the largest transit point for the mainland to transport food and other materials to Lingbei Province. This is the starting point of the Silk Road on the grassland. On the postal route extending in all directions centered on the above, there are foreign envoys who rushed to Shangdu to make a pilgrimage to the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, as well as scholars, monks, businessmen, craftsmen and artists from Persia, Myanmar, India, Nepal, Italy and other countries. Yuan capital, Yuan capital and Yuan empire all became world-famous international metropolises at that time.
Since Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty has traveled back and forth between the two capitals every year, taking turns to handle state affairs. This system is called "two capitals".
Chen Gaohua: When Kublai Khan started to build a metropolis, some Mongolian aristocrats in Central Asia sent people to question him, saying that we Mongolians had been living a grassland life. Why build a metropolis here instead of going back to the grassland? This is a typical reflection of nomadic people living on the grassland, which conflicts with Kublai Khan's political ideas. According to most Mongolian nobles and descendants of Genghis Khan, they believe that it is their tradition and their idea to live a nomadic life on the grassland.
Wei Jian: You are a Mongolian boy. We use this system of grassland management, so you use the etiquette and system of the Han family. This Han family thing, you violated the family law of your ancestors, and it can't be integrated. Why do you want to do this, so he is also under great pressure. What should I do in this case? I left a capital on the Mongolian plateau and grassland, to win over these disgruntled Mongolian kings, and secondly, he also had a base for ruling the north.
For grassland people, living by weeds is a traditional way of life. Even after gaining political power, they often practiced a system called Four Seasons Bona, changing camps, handling government affairs and training military horses according to the changes of seasons. This system was still maintained from the Mongolian era to the Mongolian Khan era. It was not until Kublai Khan established his capital in Kaiping that the political center of Mongolia was truly determined.
Wei Jian: Kublai Khan can't give up the business capital, and the business capital is his heartfelt land of prosperity. Therefore, when many Mongolian emperors succeeded to the throne, they all went to Shangdu. At least six emperors succeeded to the capital, which is orthodox. So these things were combined and Kublai Khan decided to make two inspections. On the other hand, he reserved a place for political, military and economic needs, so every time he went, some people regarded it as the Summer Palace and summer resort, but it was not.
In this way, from Kublai Khan, it became an important task for the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Every year just after mid-winter, the mighty team will start from Deshengmen, go to Shangdu along a fixed route, and then return to Dadu from Shangdu in autumn. The auspicious days of the emperor's patrol are more like festivals in Dadu and Shangdu. Every year, a grand ceremony and parade to welcome Buddha will be held in Dadu on February 15th and Shangdu on June 15th of the lunar calendar, which is called "Touring the Imperial Capital". The emperor, his queen, princess, courtiers and attendants all wore gorgeous costumes and sat on the colorful balcony to watch the performance. Rich businessmen rushed to take out their precious jewels and boasted to each other. The procession lasted for more than 30 miles. There are 5,000 people attending the ceremony or parade, and the clothes they wear and the props they decorate are all given by the imperial court, so the team looks beautiful and neat, which can be described as "a perfect combination of pearls and strange clothes". There are four tourist routes between the two capitals: Post Road is the main channel for general officials and businessmen, and there are 1 1 post stations. There are two east roads, one is to supervise the imperial censor and the army, the other is the emperor's special line, also called "chariot road", and the west road is the route for the emperor to return to the southern metropolis, also called east to west.
Professor Wei Jian, who is engaged in archaeological research, is taking his students for field archaeological research. Their departure route is basically close to the route of the Yuan Dynasty emperor's northern tour of the capital. Professor Wei Jian participated in the archaeological excavation of the Yuan Dynasty capital 20 years ago, and he specially set up the ruins of two capitals on the route of this archaeological research.
Wei Jian: At present, our site is the site of Xiaohong Chengzi Ancient City in Guyuan, Hebei Province. This is the seat of Chahannaoer Palace in Yuan Dynasty, and it is the place where the East and West Imperial Roads came up to encircle. So when you go back or up, you have to fold it here. Except the place north of the center, what we see now is the main hall rising from wormwood. Obviously, the buildings in front and behind are the buildings of China Yuan Dynasty, which are facing the imperial court and the palaces of the people in the back. It is generally I-shaped, with a waist in the middle and a thin waist, and then there is a hall in front and a hall in the back, so this is a main temple site.
Most of the camps of the tour route are located in such a place with abundant water and grass, which can not only stop fishing and hunting, but also handle government affairs in the camp. When the emperor visited the two capitals, the principal officials of the central authorities also needed to accompany him to discuss state affairs. Some important officials have branches in Shangdu, where they stayed for nearly half a year, managing affairs in summer, leaving only Chinese books in political affairs and right (left) to handle common affairs.
Wei Jian: In the past, people thought it was a conquest of the world. In fact, the Yuan Dynasty itself seems to be stronger in martial arts, but they did not abandon this culture and were very friendly to these literati. They often put them under the account and make some poems and songs for them, especially when they are all on lucky trips. They are called accompanying poets. At present, there is a special collection of poems, The squire Poetry, which is described very clearly, so we can learn a lot about the history of the Yuan Dynasty through these squire poems.
According to various literature statistics, there are nearly a thousand poems about the trip to Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty, which mainly describe the scenery of the emperor's post road. Although there are not many masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, these poems have become one of the important documents to study the history of the Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the aquatic plants in Shangdu were not green, but with the arrival of the emperor's patrol team, it soon became lively. When the army set up camp, people began to prepare for the life and trade of tens of thousands of people in this capital for half a year. Envoys from grassland, West Asia and Europe are already on their way to the capital.
Wei Jian: We are now in the northwest corner of the outer city of Yuan Dynasty, about one kilometer northwest. This place is a part of Longgang, called Harbin Shangtai Aobao. The north and west are called Xishan Aobao. Below Aobao is Wanying Warehouse, one of the two famous granaries in the Yuan Dynasty, and the other warehouse is called Guangji Warehouse, just to the east. Its layout is exactly the same as that of Wanying Warehouse, and it is also a place to store grain. In this area under the northern hill, we found two barracks, the command system, the storage system and the living system. Rows of houses are very neat, just like the houses that are now arranged by people. At that time, we calculated that if each family lived with four soldiers, it could live with about 8 thousand people, but there were about 20 thousand troops stationed, including the Han army and the Mongolian army.
The deserted Shangdu City soon became a metropolis where 100,000 people gathered. The trade between countries starts from here, and the biggest sacrificial ceremonies, banquets, New Year greetings, and discussion of state affairs in a year are held in Shangdu. In today's Yuandu, there is also a sacrificial place called Sheep Temple. Several stone statues unearthed here witnessed the grand sacrificial ceremony of Shangdu.
Wei Jian: The site of Yangmiao is an unexpected harvest. Because there was a grave robbery in this place. We're here to deal with the robbery. As a result, after digging, I found four statues in front of me, three of which were headless and the others were complete. The fourth statue is only the part in front of the heel, which is incomplete. This is a stone statue of white marble. And this place, just about 35 kilometers northwest of the Yuan Dynasty, is the place where the royal family of the Yuan Dynasty offered sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. Every year on the seventh day of July and the ninth day of July, they, the gold family and the royal family will come here to worship the heavens and ancestors.
After the big sacrifice, the annual horse racing banquet in Shangdu was held, which was not only a grand banquet, but also an important gathering for Mongolian royal nobles to discuss imperial affairs. After the banquet, a huge patrol will return from Shangdu to another political core of the Yuan Empire-Yuandadu.
It is precisely because of this annual round trip that some major historical events in the Yuan Dynasty occurred on the way between Xunxing and Beijing.
1323, on the fourth day of the eighth lunar month, Yingzong left for Beijing after good luck. That night, the retinue team had just arrived at the south slope, the first stop of the West Road camp, and the "change of the south slope" that shocked the whole country happened. Aristocratic bureaucrats, led by imperial historian Tie Ru, two men who were afraid of losing their studies and Timur the first, staged a military coup and killed Emperor Yingzong and his cronies.
In A.D. 1328, Tai Huang Ding died. One group of aristocratic bureaucrats set up Taiding Emperor's son as the emperor in the capital, while the other group set up Emperor Timour in the capital. The two sides launched a large-scale armed conflict for the throne, and the war spread to the vast area north of the Yellow River for a time. This "battle between the two capitals" lasted for nearly a year, and finally Yuan Wenzong won. During this period, there was a rare phenomenon that three capitals coexisted in the history of China in Yuan Dynasty.
In A.D. 1307, the newly acceded Wuzong established a new capital in the main road between the two capitals, Wanghu Chadu Palace.
Wei Jian: In A.D. 1307, Haishan went south from Mobei to Dadu and succeeded to the throne. Later, this history book was called Yuan Wuzong. After Wu Zong succeeded to the throne, he quickly ordered that where is Wang Hucha in the land where Wang Hucha crossed? The place where we are now used to be a post station in their process. At that time, ministers opposed it, but Wu Zongjian insisted on doing it, no matter whether he was mostly in the capital or in the capital, it had little to do with him. Moreover, these intertwined forces and even some hostile forces in those places are unfavorable to him. He needs a base of his own to take root and develop, perhaps because of this reason, he built the capital.
Wuzong was in power for four years, and invested a lot of manpower and material resources to build a prosperous capital, which was not completely completed. Archaeological excavations in recent years have gradually made the face of the capital clear. The scale of the capital is smaller than that of the capital, but larger than that of the capital. The whole city is divided into outer city, imperial city and Miyagi, but the difference is that Miyagi, the core of Zhongdu, is located in the center of the whole city, which conforms to the traditional layout of capital construction.
In the first month of A.D. 13 1 1, Wu Zong died, and his younger brother Renzong loved to educate Ba Li Li Ba University. He immediately ordered to stop the construction of Zhongdu City, which actually only existed for two years and ten months, and became a fleeting episode in the history of capital construction in the Yuan Dynasty.
In this way, the history of the Yuan Dynasty ended when the emperor traveled back and forth between the two capitals, which lasted for 99 years. In A.D. 1358, the Red Scarf Army of Liu Futong sent troops to the Northern Expedition and conquered Shangdu. A fire reduced the fortress city and its palace, which had been prosperous for a hundred years, to ashes. Since then, the system of patrolling the capital in the Yuan Dynasty has stopped.
The palace is broken and the grass grows long, and the prosperous merchants have been buried in the grassland since then, and the prosperity of the past has finally become a memory.
Ten years later, on the second day of August, A.D. 1368, Xu Da, a general under Zhu Yuanzhang, led the army northward, captured Dadu and changed his name to Beiping, and the history of China changed again.
The governor system of the two capitals in the Yuan Dynasty, which had been implemented for nearly a hundred years, was completely ended. However, the governor system of the two capitals in the Yuan Dynasty played an important role in consolidating the Yuan regime, stabilizing the situation, strengthening the ties between Mongolia and China, and promoting the political, economic and cultural exchanges between Mongolia and China, which had a far-reaching historical impact.
Once an international metropolis, Yuandadu gathered all kinds of people from all over the world to conduct various transactions and exchanges. More than 700 years have passed, and Beijing has a long history and attracts worldwide attention. What is ups and downs? What is rise and fall? What is a big wave to wash sand? The fate of the two cities, Metropolis, Shangdu and Shangdu, is vividly interpreted.