Zuo Zhuan is the first chronological history book with complete narrative in China history. It is said that it was written by Zuo Qiuming at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period to explain Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals. Zuo Zhuan is an independent history book in essence.
Its narrative began in the year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and ended in the fourteenth year of Lu Daogong (453 BC). Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, it has become one of the important Confucian classics by describing the specific historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period. Together with Chunqiu Gongyang Biography and Chunqiu Guliang Biography, they are called "Chunqiu Sanzhuan".
Zuo Qiuming is the author of Zuo Zhuan, which is proved by Sima Qian and Ban Gu. This is the most reliable historical material at present. Now some scholars think that Zuo Zhuan was not written by Zuo Qiuming, but all of them have been questioned. Although the narrative style of some articles in Zuo Zhuan is not consistent with others, there is no historical evidence to prove that they were written by others, so this statement is only subjective inference.
The influence of Zuo Zhuan on later generations is first reflected in history. It not only developed the chronological style of Chunqiu, but also quoted and retained some applied styles at that time, which provided reference for the development of applied writing in later generations.
According to Zhang Chen's "Wen Ze", there are eight kinds of practical writing, namely, life, oath, alliance, prayer, remonstration, concession, writing, and equivalence. In fact, there are far more than these. People in later generations generally believe that prose also comes from Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan also has a distinct political and moral tendency.
It emphasizes hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics, attaches importance to the order of respecting elders, and also has the idea of "people-oriented", which is in the same strain as Confucianism, so it is also an important historical material for studying Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Besides, this book embodies the author's political views.
The author thinks that the ruler in charge of the national patriarchal artifact should not be selfish, but should consider the long-term interests of the whole ruling group and the country he owns, which coincides with Confucianism. Originally, Zuo Zhuan was not a Confucian classic, but because it was founded by scholars and later attached to Chunqiu, it has always been regarded as a Confucian classic by Confucian scholars.
Zuo Zhuan is also an excellent literary work. Scholars of past dynasties called Zuo Zhuan and Shi Ji the ancestors of historical prose, saying that "the writing has left and horse, and the book has meaning and dedication". Zuo Zhuan is especially good at describing the war, so some people call it "the book of mutual sympathy" (the book of mutual sympathy), which is good at depicting characters and attaches importance to recording rhetoric.
Zuo Zhuan's position in historiography has always been commented as an important ancient book that opened Shiji and Hanshu after Shangshu and Chunqiu.
When the moonlight shines on the broken pillar, when everything disappears in the raging flame, is your heart crying? I have been to the most famous ruins, and when I looked up, I was in tears. She told me the most painful memories in real history. She has endured the vicissitudes of history and the torment of war. This is everything I took from Yuanmingyuan. In fact, history has never left us. Wherever you go, there may be relics, ancestral halls and legends. Walking into the vast desert, flying sand and walking stones, there is no life here, only the road left by predecessors-the Silk Road. The wind is blowing harder, the rain is raining harder and harder, and the wind and rain outside the window are tottering. I went out of the house and let the rain wash away my thoughts. On Baijiayan, the songs and flutes of the seven sages of the bamboo forest were frozen here, and dispersed again with a song "Guangling San". The green bamboo silently tells the tourists the beautiful story that once existed here ... How much is left in China's 5,000-year history? Everything has been replaced by tall buildings. Small towns in the south of the Yangtze River also disappeared in the wind and rain. Now all the history is collected in museums, and the ruins have also been built into parks, losing her original appearance. Only the ruins of Dashuifa stand there, telling us about the heinous crimes committed by the British and French allied forces. The existence of ruins gives us a better understanding of the history of China. Then, Yi Yiliu, yet we called and urged a thousand times before she started toward us, but how to also can't keep everything once; China's history will last forever. Has history left us? They live in our hearts, and we should remember them. Premier Zhou once said: "We can not bear grudges, but we can't forget them." The wind wrinkled a pool of spring water. Everything changed after the rain cleared. The voice of history came from the ruins and said over and over again, "Don't forget … forever." It turns out that history has never left us, but we have forgotten it.
Let's listen to the voice left over from history. ...
Third, the first grade history composition: 600 words Among my favorite historical figures, I like Cao Cao best.
But when it comes to Cao Cao, most people will say without thinking, "traitor."
If you ask "Why?"
Most people will definitely answer, "That's how the play sings' White Face Cao Cao ...'"
Yes, a traitor is a white face. But who seriously considered the historical background and the complexity of human nature at that time?
In that era when life was easy to lose, in that era when political struggle, military struggle and conspiracy were overwhelming, wars were going on all the time. The war in troubled times is right or wrong, as long as it can be won, it is king!
It means-who hasn't used it? Even Liu Bei, who has been praised by Luo Guanzhong, has made great contributions. Then why is Liu Bei's method called "strategy" and Cao Cao's method called "trick"?
As Lu Xun said, "Now we look at history, and the records and judgments in history are sometimes unreliable." Usually a certain dynasty is older, and there must be many good people among them; One dynasty is a little shorter, and there are almost no good people among them. Why? Because of the long history, it was the people of this dynasty who made history. Of course, it is a compliment to this dynasty. If the age is short, it is natural to condemn people from other dynasties. "Of course, Cao Cao's history is not caused by his own party, and naturally he can't escape the prejudice of future generations. Mr. Lu Xun said that Cao Cao was at least a hero. I agree with him very much!
Some people say that when Cao Cao was a teenager, he was "dissolute in Ren Xia, unable to manage his career" and "a good flying eagle and running dog, wandering around the world". When Qiao Xuan met Cao Cao, he made a distinctive high evaluation: "The world will be chaotic, and those who are not destined can't help, and those who can be safe are in the king!" Finally, he added, "I think there are many celebrities in the world, but there are no princes!"
This gave Cao Cao great affirmation. And Cao Cao didn't let Qiao Xuan down.
In the battle of Guandu, Cao led a good soldier to attack. When the battle of robbing the village was in full swing, Yuan Shao's reinforcements arrived and the situation changed suddenly. Victory or defeat is only a matter of thought. Cao Cao's men began to panic and said urgently that Cao Cao would divide his forces to resist. Unexpectedly, Cao Cao flew into a rage and shouted, "There are thieves behind him, and this is for nothing!" Because the coach is determined, he takes the lead. The belief of "life or death" immediately showed all the people, and the whole army was determined to fight hard, and finally broke the nest and killed the drunkard Chun Yuqiong.
When wandering away from the desert in Wuhuan is a matter of life and death, Cao Cao came up with a clever plan to quench his thirst by watching plum blossoms, defeated himself and made the soldiers out of danger. Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Jun suffered a crushing defeat, but Cao Cao ran away smartly, laughing at the mountains and rivers and talking about the right time and place. In the battle of Puyang, Lu Bu hit his helmet with a halberd and asked him, "Where is Cao Cao?" Cao Cao covered his face with his sleeve and said, "Those who ride Huang Ma in front are also there." Later, it was difficult for ordinary people to abandon their robes and cut their beards when Ma Chao chased them.
Re-recruitment is absolutely fruitful, risky and fearless, and the situation is sinister. In the meantime, only heroes can call it. Zuo Zongtang Cao Mengde, tell the truth!
My evaluation of Cao Cao is: extremely clever, frank and sincere, open-minded, generous, heroic and humorous!
Fourth, historian Du believes: "Historical narration and historical interpretation are the two major elements of history."
Test analysis: This question mainly examines students' ability to accurately understand the meaning of the material. From the meaning of the material, it can be concluded that items A, C and D are all evaluations of a historical phenomenon or event and belong to historical interpretation, while item B is a record of a major event that occurred in a certain year in the Spring and Autumn Period, so it belongs to historical narrative. The answer is B.
Comments: Compared with the original college entrance examination model, the new curriculum standard college entrance examination has increased the examination of basic historical theory knowledge. Common ones are: ① analysis of different historical views, such as overall historical view, civilized historical view, modern historical view, class struggle historical view and social historical view; (2) the relationship between historical materials and historical views; (3) Comparison of the values of different historical materials such as written historical materials, physical historical materials and archaeological discoveries; (4) As well as the interpretation of historical materials and other information, the future college entrance examination will further strengthen the examination of basic historical knowledge.