Why did Qing Russia sign this treaty and what was the process of signing it? Let's discuss this problem together today.
Russia's desire for Siberian land stems from Russia's desire for seaports. Some friends will wonder why Russia needs to find a seaport because it is close to the sea. In fact, when Russia was first established, it was the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and it became the present territory through continuous expansion. Even now, Russia is not a maritime country. The seaport in the west is in the hands of Turkey, and the Arctic Ocean in the north is frozen in winter. The key point is that the winter is particularly long, and the land in the east was snatched from the hands of the Qing Dynasty, and finally there was a decent seaport. However, it is still frozen in winter, and the warships going out to sea are bound to disturb Japan and China, as well as Russia.
At that time, Russia discovered the Arctic Ocean and the Black Sea through expansion. As mentioned above, it is not ideal. His eyes were fixed on the east. In the fifth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1632), Yakutsk city was established as the main base for invading China. Since then, it has been sending armed personnel to invade the Heilongjiang River Basin in China, which Russia considers a good seaport. Due to the ongoing war between the Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty, the invasion of Russia cannot be taken into account. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, it was busy pacifying San Francisco. Russia took the opportunity to invade Nebuchadnezzar and jaxa, which is already on the edge of Heilongjiang River basin.
The Qing Dynasty always regarded northeast China and outer Manchuria as the land where Manchuria prospered, and repeatedly condemned and negotiated Russian aggression. Instead of converging, Russia became more and more fierce, which made Emperor Kangxi realize that only by using force could the invading Russian army be expelled. For this reason, in the second year of pacifying the rebellion in San Francisco (1682), he went to Guandong East to get to know the relevant situation in the Heilongjiang River basin and prepare for the battle.
Through hard fighting, the Qing dynasty finally defeated the Russian army entrenched in Jax, and the Russian army was forced to retreat. After the Battle of jaxa, Siberia was too far away from Moscow, with insufficient supplies and troops. So the Qing government asked for negotiations, and the Qing government didn't want to continue fighting, so the two sides signed a treaty in Nebuchadnezzar to start negotiations.
The representative sent by the Qing Dynasty was Suoetu, and the representative sent by Russia was Golovin. There are also two foreign missionaries in Suatu, Thomas Pereira and Rebilon Jean Fran? ois, as translators. These two missionaries are not good goods. Because the Qing dynasty wanted to concentrate on dealing with Gerdan, it set the bottom line for the demand map. Take Nebuchadnezzar as the boundary first, and then retreat to the Ergon River as appropriate.
After the negotiations began, both sides opened their mouths, demanding that the line from the Lena River to Lake Baikal be the boundary, with Russia in the west and the Qing Dynasty in the east. This was originally the sphere of influence of the Qing Dynasty, so Russia was asked to retreat to the west of the Lena River and return the land occupied by the Qing Dynasty.
Golovin is obviously an old hand. He is more ruthless than Soto, demanding that Heilongjiang be the boundary until it enters the sea, and the south belongs to the Qing Dynasty and the north to Russia. If there is any basis for Sottu, then Golovin is already a rogue, sitting on the ground, waiting for your counter-offer.
This is obviously far beyond Kangxi's bottom line, and the demand map will definitely not agree, and the two sides broke up in discord.
Negotiations resumed again. In order to solve the border problem on the Russian side as soon as possible, so that we can fully deal with Grdan, Soto chose to make concessions. First of all, it is suggested to take the Schleka River, the Enen River and the Ingoda River as the boundary. Golovin disagreed. In order to reach a settlement, Soto continued to make concessions. First, it was proposed that the Churna River, which flows into the Schleka River from the north, is the boundary, but the Russian side does not allow it. Later, it was suggested that grbic River, which flows into Schleka River in the north, is the boundary, and Ergon River in the south is the boundary. Golovin reluctantly agreed.
The two sides demarcated the western border, and the middle border was temporarily put on hold. I will talk about the division of the middle line in detail later. 1On September 7th, 689, the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu with Russia in Manchu, Russian and Latin, which stipulated the boundary and territory: from grbic River, a tributary of Heilongjiang, to Xing 'an Mountains outside, entering the sea, Lingnan belongs to China, and Lingbei belongs to Russia. Houses at the mouth of the Heilileke River on the south bank of the Ergon River, facing the Ergon River in the west, China in the south and Russia in the north, should be moved to the north bank.
In this way, Golovin occupied a large amount of land in the Qing Dynasty through negotiations, and Golovin also made use of international rules that the Qing Dynasty did not understand to dig a hole. There is an area to be discussed in the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar: but how to divide the river land between Xing 'an Mountains and Wudi River is still inconclusive. This matter can only be decided by sending envoys or using official documents after the envoys of the two countries return to their respective countries to learn more about it.
The key to this treatment area is the direction of the outer Xing 'an Mountains. In fact, there are two trends in the outer Xing 'an Mountains, of which the northern branch is Zhugejuer Mountain. The trend of the outer Xing 'an Mountains identified by the Qing government actually refers to the northern branch, which Russia considers to be the southern branch. However, the treaty does not specify whether it is a north branch or a south branch.
The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar was the result of unconditional concessions of the Qing Dynasty. Tu Tu ceded the rich Nebuchadnezzar area east of Lake Baikal, which originally belonged to China, to Russia, causing huge land losses. At the same time, Suo Tu Tu and the Qing government did not take this negotiation seriously. This was a good opportunity to learn western rules, but it was missed by the Qing government.
Golovin was convinced that the demand map would give in because two missionaries, Xu Risheng and Mr. Rizo, revealed Kangxi's bottom line to Golovin, but all the demand maps were unknown, which led to the complete passivity of the Qing Dynasty negotiations, and Golovin's negotiation experience was obviously richer than the demand map. The Qing Dynasty had the problem of Gerdan, Russia and Turkey were also anxious in Europe, the czar had no extra troops to fight, and the demand map was unknown.
In fact, a large area of land from the Lena River to the east of Lake Baikal does not belong to Russia, but the signing of this treaty stipulates the ownership of these lands in the form of law. Russia did not have the strength to occupy these lands and lost the battle, but it owned these lands as easy as blowing off dust through negotiations and signing treaties. These lands are not less than 6,543,800 square kilometers. From this point of view, the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu is one in content.