The East Gate of Shanhaiguan City defines the Central Plains outside Shanhaiguan and inside Shanhaiguan. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, Shanhaiguan people, mainly from Shandong and Zhili, began to travel eastward.

/kloc-in the 9th century, the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China suffered from famine year after year, and the people of the Central Plains in the lower reaches of the Yellow River invaded the Northeast on a large scale, which was the largest in history.

1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out, and a large-scale naval battle and land war took place between Japan and Russia. In the northeast, "tens of thousands of people were caught in the bullets, and those who died in the artillery Lin Lei array lost their lives. Father and son are crying on the road, and relatives and friends are crying on the road, which is unbearable. " . Walking on thin ice.

However, after the September 18th Incident, it became more difficult to move eastward, and many Shandong people returned home to escape Japanese rule and alleviate the drought in the Pass.

Extended data:

After the Manchus entered the customs, they implemented the national hierarchy and segregation system, and issued a ban outside the customs to prohibit Han Chinese from entering the "Longxing Land" in Northeast China for farming. Shunzhi warned Manchu nobles to finally retreat to Kanto.

The Manchu people lost all their money and entered the customs, which led to a sharp drop in the population of Kanto. However, the Manchu government used "the land where ancestors made a fortune and prospered the king" as an excuse to protect "participating in mountains and benefiting pearls" and imposed a long-term ban on Kanto.

At the beginning of Shunzhi, more than 1,000 kilometers of "wicker fence"-the Great Wall of Northeast China (wicker fence, willow wall, Liucheng fence and striped fence) was built in sections, covering the whole territory, and it was completed in the middle of Kangxi.

The wicker border from Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to the south of Fengcheng is called the "old border", and from the northeast of Kaiyuan to the north of Jilin is called the "new border". Therefore, the folks have the saying of "border people" and "border people". Although the ban is getting more and more severe, it can't completely prevent people from entering the northeast.

Due to the increasingly heavy pressure of life and the continuous natural famine, more and more farmers from Shandong and Hebei provinces sneaked across the ocean to Liaodong, or crossed the Great Wall to western Liaoning privately and flocked to the sleeping northeast Woye. These immigrants were all carried out under the conditions of the forbidden policy of the Qing court, so they were called "eastward crossing".

In essence, Shandong people's crusade to the East is a spontaneous, overwhelming and tragic survival movement of poor farmers who are dying. From the starting point, on the one hand, there are natural disasters, drought, water, hail, insect disasters and epidemics.

On the one hand, there are man-made disasters, such as the Second Opium War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, the Black Flag Army, the Boxer Rebellion and so on. , sweeping across the provinces of North China. The direct Anhui war, the two direct Anhui wars and the melee between the old and new warlords year after year, the war disaster spread to the provinces in North China.

Frequent military disasters and banditry increasingly aggravate the burden of land rent, tax, poor service and extra sharing. More and more bankrupt farmers, victims and refugees have to go to the northeast to escape and take refuge.

From the perspective of immigrants, the social productive forces in Northeast China are relatively backward, most of the land has not been reclaimed, and North China is vast and sparsely populated. In Shandong and other places, it has a long history of "going east". Some immigrants send money to their hometown, some bring property back to their hometown for the New Year, and some get rich and get married. These have stimulated more people to make a living outside the customs.

In some villages in Jiaodong, almost every household has a trip to the Kanto, and even the young people in the village who don't go to the Kanto are regarded as worthless by the villagers, and gradually formed the habit of going to the Kanto.

Therefore, in North China, especially in Jiaodong, Shandong Province and Jidong, Hebei Province, when the labor force is slightly abundant, or when encountering natural or man-made disasters, the first thing that comes to mind is to bring family members or gather relatives to make a living in Kanto.

At the end of Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China, followed by Japan. The two countries are competing to expand their power in the northeast, build railways and plunder resources, which requires a lot of labor and forces North China to go bankrupt. Outside the customs, most farmers immigrated from North China, especially from Shandong and Hebei provinces.

Dengzhou, Laizhou and Qingzhou in Jiaodong, Shandong, Baoding and Luanzhou in Hebei, and the Beijing-Tianjin area, with convenient roads and the habit of crossing Kanto, are the main transportation areas for immigrants. Later, a considerable number of farmers in Henan fled to the northeast.

Before 1930s, there were about 400,000 to 500,000 people going to the Northeast from Hebei, Shandong and Henan every year, and in many years it exceeded one million.

For those suffering farmers, it is not only a tragic history, but also a struggle. "Going to the East" has written a magnificent stroke for the history of Chinese population migration.

Baidu encyclopedia-going to the east