The italicized part of the textbook provides the changes in Poland, GDR, Romania and Yugoslavia. Please read and compare the similarities and differences between the four countries in the process of drastic changes. (Similarities: ① Political crisis caused by economic difficulties; (2) In the face of the turbulent political situation, the ruling * * * Production Party and the Workers' Party compromised and implemented political pluralism and multi-party system, which enabled the opposition to expand its power; The opposition finally succeeded and gained political power. The opposition seized power in different ways. Most countries, such as Poland, adopted peaceful means, the Democratic Republic of Germany was merged into the Federal Republic of Germany, and Romania achieved regime change through bloody conflicts. After the regime change in Eastern European countries, Germany was unified, while Yugoslavia was divided into five republics: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia was divided into two.
The drastic changes in eastern European countries are not accidental, but the total outbreak of various contradictions accumulated by various countries for a long time, which is the result of the comprehensive action of various factors.
Let's first analyze the internal causes of the drastic changes in eastern Europe.
1. Historical reasons
What are the main reasons for the establishment of people's democratic regime in Eastern European countries? Proletarian political parties in eastern European countries lead the people in revolutionary struggle; Great assistance from the socialist Soviet Union. Therefore, after World War II, the Soviet Union's * * * production party to Eastern European countries has always regarded itself as the Laozi Party. Under the control of Soviet imperialism, eastern European countries actually have no independent rights. In order to counter the cold war offensive of the United States, the Soviet Union deliberately consolidated its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, forcing Eastern European countries to be consistent with it in internal affairs and diplomacy. Politically, the Soviet Union asked the ruling parties in eastern European countries to deploy action plans according to their will to handle internal affairs and relations. Economically, the highly centralized planned economy system of the Soviet Union has become the only socialist model that Eastern European countries can pursue. Eastern European countries are completely divorced from their specific national conditions and become victims of the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.
2. Economic reasons
The negative consequences of copying the Soviet model prompted eastern European countries to get rid of the requirements of the Soviet model to varying degrees. From 1950s to 1980s, the reform of socialist countries reached its climax. However, except Yugoslavia, these reforms did not involve the main drawbacks of the Soviet socialist model, so there was no fundamental reform of the old system. As a result, the reform has not achieved much, and the economic development has become slower and slower, even declining.
3. Political reasons
Due to the growth and expansion of bureaucracy under the highly centralized political system, democracy and legal system have been seriously damaged, and privileges and corruption have emerged one after another. Economic and political mistakes and deviations make the prestige of political parties and governments in various countries low. As a result, the opposition can gain the support of a considerable number of people and finally gain political power in the form of general elections.
External causes of drastic changes in eastern Europe;
1. Soviet factor
1985 After Gorbachev came to power, he made a strategic contraction in the face of the decline of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that from 1972 to 198 1, the total amount of Soviet trade subsidies to eastern Europe is10/0/900 million dollars. In order to get rid of the economic burden of Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union relaxed its control over Eastern Europe. At the same time, Gorbachev's "new thinking" of Eastern Europe policy, that is, the program of building "democratic socialism", promoted the reorganization, differentiation and transformation of political parties in Eastern Europe, catalyzed the reform in Eastern Europe, and prompted the opposition in Eastern Europe to take advantage of the situation.
2. Western factors.
The strategy of "peaceful evolution" is a long-term basic strategy of western imperialist countries headed by the United States against socialist countries. Its goal is to make socialist countries implement economic privatization, political pluralism and westernization of ideological and cultural values, and finally make socialist countries evolve into capitalist countries and realize a world dominated by capitalism headed by the United States. Eastern Europe is a breakthrough for the West to implement this strategy. In the early 1980s, western countries stepped up the implementation of this strategy. In the process of drastic changes in eastern Europe, western countries further coordinated their actions and used various media to publicize western values and carry out ideological infiltration; Use loans, trade and technical assistance to attract eastern European countries to move closer to the west; Use the issue of "human rights" to interfere in internal affairs and foster and support the opposition forces within eastern European countries.
What is the most important reason for the drastic changes in Eastern Europe? (Compared with historical and realistic factors, realistic factors are the main ones; Compared with external causes, internal causes are the main ones; Compared with objective factors, subjective factors are the main ones; Compared with political factors and economic factors, economic factors are the main ones. Therefore, among the reasons for the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the most important one is economic. )