The development of other second-board markets in the world can also be basically divided into the above two stages. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the oil crisis led to the deterioration of the economic environment, and the long-term downturn in the stock market was not attractive to enterprises. The securities markets of all countries are facing a huge crisis, which is mainly manifested in the low willingness of companies to go public, the continuous decrease in the number of listed companies and the inactivity of investors. In this case, in order to attract more new enterprises to go public, countries have established the second-board market. Generally speaking, most of the second-board market in this stage experienced its initial glory, but it basically ended in failure in the mid-1990s. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, some small companies that did not meet the listing standards of large exchanges could only choose OTC markets and local exchanges as listing places. In the 20th century, many local exchanges gradually disappeared, and there were many irregularities in the OTC market.
Since the 1960s, in order to solve the financing problem of small and medium-sized enterprises, North America and Europe, represented by the United States, began to create their own Growth Enterprise Market. So far, GEM has developed into a market to help small and medium-sized emerging enterprises, especially high-growth technology companies to raise funds. Looking back on the development history of GEM, the 1960s can be called the embryonic period of GEM.
196 1 year, in order to promote the comprehensive supervision of the securities industry, the US Congress asked the US Securities and Exchange Commission to conduct specific research on all securities markets. Two years later, the US Securities and Exchange Commission gave up its research on the comprehensive securities market and focused on the obscure and fragmented OTC market at that time. SEC put forward the idea of "automatic operating system" as a solution, which is managed by NASD.
1968 automatic quotation system was successfully developed, and NASD was renamed the automatic quotation system of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASDAQ system).
On February 8, 197 1, the Nasdaq market was formally established, and the Nasdaq system was fully operational on the same day. The central quotation system shows the quotations of 2500 kinds of securities. Until 1975, Nasdaq established a new listing standard, requiring all listed companies to separate companies listed on the Nasdaq market from OTC securities. Almost at the same time as the Nasdaq market in the United States started, Japan also started the Growth Enterprise Market.
1963 Tokyo Stock Exchange of Japan set up the second board for small and medium-sized companies, and officially launched the OTC market system. Later, the OTC market in Japan has been sluggish.
1999165438+1On October 25th, the Hong Kong Growth Enterprise Market, which had been brewing for 10 years, finally landed. Positioning in serving small and medium-sized high-growth companies, especially high-tech companies, is in the stage of entrepreneurship. There are 25 listed companies, most of which are network, computer and telecom enterprises. If a company wants to be listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, it must make a profit of HK$ 50 million in the last three years, but the GEM has no bottom line, as long as the company has an "active business record" for two years. If the founder is already famous in the industry, then the "record" of these two years can be omitted. The authority of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange once humorously said that if Bill Gates came out to re-register a company, the GEM would immediately accept it.
The development of the second-board market in the world can be roughly divided into two stages: the first stage is from the 1970s to the mid-1990s, and the second stage is from the mid-1990s to the present. 197 1 year, the national association of securities dealers established an automatic quotation system for OTC securities-Nasdaq, and began to quote more than 2,500 kinds of OTC securities.
1975, Nasdaq established a new listing standard, thus distinguishing the securities listed on Nasdaq from other securities traded on the counter. 1982, the best listed companies in Nasdaq formed the Nasdaq national market and began to publish real-time trading quotations. However, until the early 1990s, the operation of Nasdaq was not very satisfactory. 199 1 year, and its turnover reached 1/3 of NYSE. The Nasdaq market really developed rapidly in the second stage after the mid-1990s. The second stage of the development of the second board market began in the mid-1990s, and its background and reasons are as follows:
1, the rise of knowledge economy makes a large number of high-tech enterprises grow up;
2. The rapid development of NASDAQ market in the United States has intensified competition and pointed out a direction for the development of stock markets in various countries;
3. With the rapid development of venture capital industry, emerging enterprises urgently need the stock market;
Governments all over the world attach importance to the development of high-tech industries and set up second-board markets in succession.
Under this background, there has been a new upsurge in the establishment of second-board market in various countries' securities markets, mainly including: Hong Kong Growth Enterprise Market (GEM, 1999), Taiwan Province Counter Trading Center (OTC, 1994), London Stock Exchange (AIM, 1995) and French New Third Board (LNA). At this stage, the development and operation of the second-board market is much stronger than the first stage, and most of them are distributed smoothly, among which the trading volume of NASDAQ in the United States and Kosdaq in South Korea even exceeded that of the main board market for a time. But overall, the market share of the second board is still lower than that of the main board, and some second boards (such as Easdaq in Europe) once fell into operational difficulties. The purpose of developing GEM in China is to provide more convenient financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises and create a normal exit mechanism for venture capital. At the same time, it is also an important means for China to adjust its industrial structure and promote its economic reform. The second board market and the main board market have different investment targets and risk tolerance, and generally will not affect each other. Because of the internal relationship between them, it will promote the further development and growth of the main board market. For investors, the risk of GEM market is much higher than that of the main board market. Of course, the rewards may be much greater.
The right to review the refinancing of GEM companies has been determined to be delegated from CSRC to Shenzhen Stock Exchange. This move will improve the audit efficiency of refinancing of GEM companies, and it is also another breakthrough in the market-oriented reform of stock issuance. Market participants also expect the refinancing of the main board and small and medium-sized board, and even the review of IPO of new shares will be fully undertaken by the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, so as to realize the real separation of supervision and examination. ...
1in March, 1998, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Democratic National Construction Association, Cheng Siwei submitted the Proposal on Learning from Foreign Experiences and Developing Venture Capital in China as soon as possible. This proposal was the "No.1 proposal" of China People's Political Consultative Conference in those years, and was considered as the beginning of the journey of establishing GEM in China. In the same year, Cheng Siwei put forward the "three-step" development idea of GEM: the first step is to set up a number of venture capital companies under the existing legal framework; The second step is to establish a venture capital fund; The third step is to establish a venture capital system including GEM.
Shenzhen Stock Exchange started to build the Growth Enterprise Market from 1999, and even stopped the IPO project of the main board after 10 in 2000. However, with the collapse of the Nasdaq myth at the beginning of 200 1, the Hong Kong Growth Enterprise Market also fell from 1200 to the lowest 100, and domestic stock market scandals frequently occurred. Cheng Siwei wrote to Zhu Rongji, then Prime Minister of the State Council. So Cheng Siwei got a lot of scolding on the Internet.
1In August, 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Technological Innovation, Developing High-tech and Realizing Industrialization, which pointed out that in order to cultivate a capital market conducive to the development of high-tech industries, high-tech enterprise blocks should be set up in the existing Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges in due course.
19965438+February, the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) revised the company law, that is, high-tech enterprises can be listed on the domestic stock market according to the newly promulgated standards of the State Council; At the same time, a resolution was passed to establish a separate high-tech stock trading system.
June 5438 +2000 10, Shenzhen Stock Exchange stopped issuing new shares to prepare for the launch version.
At the beginning of 200 1, Nash myth was shattered, and domestic stock market scandals spread frequently. Cheng Siwei suggested postponing GEM.
200 1, 1 1, the senior management thinks that the stock market is not mature, so it is necessary to rectify the main board first, and the GEM plan is put on hold.
In 2002, Cheng Siwei proposed a "three-step" proposal for GEM, with small and medium-sized board as the transition of GEM. In August 2002, after the promulgation of the Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Shenzhen Stock Exchange decided to adjust its thinking and choose the third road to serve small and medium-sized enterprises in the face of endless disputes between domestic academic circles and industry. Cheng Siwei also put forward the proposal of "three steps" in GEM, with small and medium-sized board as the transition of GEM.
In May 2004, the CSRC agreed to set up a small and medium-sized board in Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
In June 2004, Shenzhen resumed issuing new shares-eight new shares were listed on the small and medium-sized board, which was called "new eight shares" by China stock market.
In June 2005, the 50th stock of small and medium-sized board was listed. Since then, Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets have stopped issuing new shares to make way for share reform.
In June 2006, Zhonggong International, the first share of the new and old sectors, was issued in the small and medium-sized board, and the two cities reopened the IPO gate.
In the second half of 2006, Shang Fulin said that he would promote the Growth Enterprise Market in due course.
In March 2007, Shenzhen Stock Exchange indicated that the GEM technology was ready. Shang Fulin called for active and steady progress.
In June 2007, the framework of GEM was finalized.
In July, 2007, Shenzhen Stock Exchange indicated that it was preparing for the Growth Enterprise Market, and authorities indicated that it would be officially launched in 2008.
In August 2007, Fan Fuchun indicated that it would launch the Growth Enterprise Market as soon as possible.
In March 2008, the Administrative Measures for Growth Enterprise Market (draft for comments) was released.
On March 3, 2009, the China Securities Regulatory Commission officially issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of Initial Public Offering and Growth Enterprise Market Listing, which took effect on May 3, 2009.
On July 1 day, 2009, the CSRC officially promulgated and implemented the Interim Provisions on the Appropriateness Management of Investors in the Growth Enterprise Market, and investors can apply for investment qualifications in the Growth Enterprise Market from July1day.
On September 13, 2009, China Securities Regulatory Commission announced that it would hold the first GEM audit meeting on September 17, and the first batch of seven enterprises would attend. It is estimated that the total amount of proposed financing is about 2.248 billion yuan.
On June 23rd, 2009, 10, the launching ceremony of China Growth Enterprise Market was held. The data shows that the average P/E ratio of the first batch of listed 28 GEM companies is 56.7 times, and Baode shares with the highest P/E ratio reach 8 1.67 times, which is much higher than the P/E ratios of all A shares and small and medium-sized boards.
On June 30th, 2009, 10, China Growth Enterprise Market was officially listed.
From the resumption of IPO in July 2009 to July 20 1 1, 292 companies with PE background were successfully listed, involving 283 PE institutions, with a cumulative investment of160.2 billion yuan. During the period, PE institutions have realized the actual income of 654.38+04.42 billion yuan through fiery red and reduction, accounting for nearly 90% of the initial investment, that is, they have basically recovered their capital. The stock market value of PE is still about 65.438+023.35 billion yuan. Adding the two items together, the total return of PE is 65.438+037.77 billion yuan, and the floating profit is as high as 760%.