/kloc-At the end of the 9th century, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and was forced to sign the humiliating treaty of shimonoseki. After that, imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the national crisis became increasingly serious. People of insight in China felt the crisis of the current situation and rushed to save the country. Many patriots put forward that the essence of saving the country lies in opening new schools and cultivating talents. In the 24th year of Guangxu reign (1898), the Qing government formulated the Constitution of Shi Jing University Hall, which stipulated that Shi Jing University Hall could be divided into two types: general school and specialized school, and there was also a normal school and a compilation bureau. Later, after the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance's occupation of Beijing, Shi Jing University was closed. 190 1 year, the Qing government appointed Zhang Baixi as the minister of management and presided over the reconstruction of Shi Jing University Hall. Considering that "the country is in urgent need of materials", crash courses are set up first, which are divided into "official schools" and "normal schools". Teachers colleges enroll students first, and classes are officially started in June1902+February 17. Shi Jing University Normal School is not only the beginning of Beijing Normal University, but also the source of modern normal education in China.
1904 The Charter of Normal Schools promulgated by the Qing government divided normal schools into primary schools (normal schools established in various provinces) and excellent ones (normal schools in Shi Jing University Hall), and formulated the charter of normal schools, which stipulated in detail the school-running purpose, discipline classification, curriculum, admission requirements, graduation effectiveness and obligations. 1908 May, Shi Jing University was an excellent normal school. According to the actual situation at that time, Shi Jing Normal University compiled courses, introduced foreign modern courses and compiled teaching materials, which initially laid the foundation for normal education in China. Since then, China has a relatively complete and regular normal education system.
At the beginning of the founding of the Republic of China, warlords scuffled and the people were in dire straits. But people of insight in China still don't forget to develop modern education. 19 12, Shi Jing Normal University was changed to Beijing Normal University. 1923, with the support of all walks of life and the approval of the Ministry of Education at that time, Beijing Normal University was changed to National Beijing Normal University. 1925, 1908, Beijing Women's Teachers College was also changed to Beijing Women's Normal University. This is the first normal university in the history of China and a great event in the history of education in China, which indicates that education in China will enter a brand-new period.
The History of Beijing Normal University is not only the history of higher normal education in China, but also the condensed history of revolution and construction in China. The teachers and students of Beijing Normal University are not only devoted to learning knowledge, but also always concerned about the fate of the motherland. 19 19 in may, the news that representatives of Beiyang government would sign the Paris peace treaty to betray sovereignty reached China. On the evening of the 3rd, Beijing Normal University contacted Peking University and other schools overnight. On the 4th, the team of Beijing Normal University took the lead in arriving at Tiananmen Square, and together with the students from Peking University and other schools who arrived one after another, they angrily denounced the traitorous behavior of Beiyang government. In this historical feat that shocked China and foreign countries, students in normal universities played an important role in the occurrence and development of the May 4th Movement, making Beijing Normal University one of the cradles of the May 4th Movement.
1In July, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident occurred, the Japanese army occupied Beiping, and Beiping Normal University was forced to move to Xi 'an, forming Xi 'an Temporary University with National Beiping University and National Beiyang Institute of Technology. 1in the spring of 938, Xi Temporary University was moved to Hanzhong and renamed as National Northwest United University. Beiping Normal University is the Education College of Northwest Associated University, and later it was changed to Normal College. 1940, Northwest Normal University was ordered to move to Lanzhou, Gansu, and started from scratch again on the barren beach on the bank of the Yellow River. Therefore, it became the first national institution of higher learning in northwest China except Shaanxi, and made outstanding contributions to the development of general education and higher education in northwest China.
1949, a red sun lit up the land of China. Bathed in the dawn of new China, China's education has been transformed from now on. After the founding of New China, the Party and the government attached great importance to the development of higher normal education. Shortly after entering Beijing, President Mao Zedong visited Mr. li jinxi and other professors at Beijing Normal University to listen to their opinions on founding the country and governing the country. Soon, Chairman Mao inscribed the name of Beijing Normal University. Chairman Mao also personally summoned the president of Normal University and instructed all administrative organs to provide convenience for running Normal University well, so that Normal University can play a "demonstration" role in the national normal universities. With the care and support of the party and the government, the school was identified as one of the first ten key universities in China during the Seventh Five-Year Plan and the Eighth Five-Year Plan. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the school was first included in the national "2 1 1 project" construction plan. China's higher education, including China's higher normal education, has experienced a difficult and tortuous course since its birth, just like the modern China Revolution. Since the establishment of Teachers College of Shi Jing University, the tortuous development of modern education in China has been 100 years, and so has the tortuous development of modern history in China.
On the eve of the Reform Movement of 1898, Liang Qichao put forward the idea of setting up a "normal school" in the Constitution of Capital University, and shouted: "If you want to change old habits and promote intellectual learning, you must set up a normal school as the first meaning." After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the struggle between old and new forces within the Qing government was fierce around Shi Jing University Hall. Sun Jianai, the minister of management science appointed by the Qing court, put forward eight problems in establishing official schools, but he kept his mouth shut about normal schools and refused to praise them. In this case, the higher normal education conceived by Liang Qichao and other reformists is out of the question. 1902, after Zhang Baixi was ordered to build Shi Jing University Hall, he bravely inherited and developed Liang Qichao's thoughts on normal education, emphasizing "running a school as a teacher first" and founded Shi Jing University Hall, thus finally taking a historic first step in promoting higher normal education in China.
After the Revolution of 1911, the government of the Republic of China designated six higher normal areas throughout the country, with Beijing as the first area. 1928, the national government once merged nine universities in Beiping into Beiping University. Under the strong opposition of teachers and students, Beiping Normal University regained its independence on 193 1 and merged with Beiping Women's Normal University to form a new national Beiping Normal University. After the establishment of the new school, Beijing Normal University has integrated the subject setting and is about to regain its glory. From 193 1 to 1932, there was a heated debate about the abolition of normal universities in China. In fact, since the reform of 192 1 year, all the original six normal universities in China, except Beijing Normal University, have merged or closed down with ordinary universities. Only Beijing Normal University is still unique, insisting on the direction of normal education and actively exploring the development path of higher normal education. Although the debate failed, it greatly affected the construction of the school.
In the history of higher normal education in China, another dispute about normal universities occurred before the Cultural Revolution in 1966. At that time, there were two slogans in higher normal education: one was that normal education should be "oriented to middle schools" and the other was "on par with comprehensive universities". Some people even proposed to cancel the normal college. 196 1 year, at the national conference on normal education, everyone discussed the relevant issues of running higher normal education well, and agreed that higher normal education is not a question of whether it can be run or not, but a question of how to run it well. In fact, this debate is not over. This issue was raised again in 1980s. In this debate, the essence is the understanding of the nature of normal education. Many experts put forward that normal education should emphasize the consistency between normal and academic. In the debate, Beijing Normal University has always stood at the forefront of the debate and put forward many opinions from the aspects of theory and the value of teacher education. At the same time, the school has been exploring in the practice of teacher education, focusing on broadening majors, strengthening scientific research, and constantly improving the school's running level, which has laid a solid foundation for the future development of the school.
History is the best mirror. 100 years, although people never stopped arguing about normal education, and some people sometimes advocated canceling the establishment of normal universities, the relatively independent normal universities in China were not cancelled. On the contrary, China's higher normal education is developing vigorously. From the establishment of Teachers College of Shi Jing University, to the excellent Teachers College of Shi Jing University, to Beijing Normal University, and then to Beijing Normal University, the century-old university has been handed down from generation to generation. Today, Beijing Normal University is not only the leader of higher normal education in China, but also a well-known institution of higher learning at home and abroad. This shows that the development of normal universities in the past hundred years conforms to the basic national conditions of China, a poor country with large-scale education. China is a big country in education. Over the past century, normal education at all levels has not only supported the largest basic education building in the world, but also played a great role in the social and educational development of China. Today, standing at a new starting point in the new century and looking back at history, we cannot overestimate the role of normal education.
Adhering to a hundred years of historical accumulation, after a hundred years of ups and downs, Beijing Normal University has always held high the banner of higher normal education, and under the spur of the school motto of "learning to be a teacher and be a model", it has gradually formed an excellent school spirit of "patriotism, progress, honesty, simplicity, truth-seeking, innovation and being a model". Teachers and students always regard loving the motherland and pursuing progress as lofty ideals and the driving force of teaching and scientific research; Treat people with sincerity, take simplicity as the code of conduct, and be a teacher; Spur yourself with the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts and innovation; Taking being a teacher as a lifelong self-pursuit has written a brilliant chapter for the development of normal education in China. Modern education in China came into being at the end of19th century and the beginning of 20th century. The establishment of Shi Jing University Hall and its Teachers' College is the first national institution of higher learning in China, and it is also the starting point of teachers' professionalization in China, which is almost synchronized with the establishment of modern education system and the introduction of modern educational ideas and theories. Therefore, the century since the establishment of Teachers College of Shi Jing University is a century in which modern education in China has grown from germination to growth, development and expansion. Beijing Normal University is the witness of history and the epitome of modern education in China.
1903, the Qing government promulgated the "Music School Charter" (Renyin Year in the 28th year of Guangxu), which was a "Renyin academic system", and formally stipulated that normal education was divided into two levels: normal school and normal school, and a clear concept and system conception had been initially formed for the primary and advanced stages of normal education. This is the first relatively complete new education system in China. At that time, although the "non-Yin academic system" was promulgated, it was not implemented. 1904, the Qing government revised the academic system and promulgated the "Regulations for Playing Schools", which stipulated that normal education was divided into two levels: excellent level and junior level, with excellent level higher than junior college and junior level higher than ordinary schools. As a result, China's normal education was separated from all kinds of schools and began to form an independent organizational system.
As the starting point of higher normal education in China, Normal College of Shi Jing University has far-reaching significance. From the perspective of educational philosophy, Shi Jing University Hall is the first national university in modern China, and Normal University Hall is its core and foundation. Over the past hundred years, normal education, as the mother machine of the whole education work, has become the consensus of the Chinese people; From the perspective of education system, the establishment of teachers' colleges and the establishment of separate schools from university halls marked the establishment of the independent teachers' college system in modern China. From the perspective of school curriculum system, the curriculum structure and teacher development paradigm designed by teachers' college, which integrates professional courses with education courses, has also fundamentally laid the foundation and mode for running a normal school in China in the past century.