Current location - Music Encyclopedia - Chinese History - What is the construction history of the Three Great Halls in Beijing?
What is the construction history of the Three Great Halls in Beijing?
It is said that one day soon after Judy moved to Beijing, an eccentric guest came to Beijing.

He is eccentric because he is proficient in yin and yang gossip and is good at predicting things that have not happened with gossip. Everything he predicted for people has come true. So people in Beijing call him "God Operator".

The story soon reached the ears of Emperor Judy, who was very excited to stay in the splendid Forbidden City. He thought, since this person can calculate what happened, why not let this "god operator" calculate the fate of the Forbidden City?

Therefore, the "God Operator" who is proficient in Yin and Yang gossip was invited to the Forbidden City by Judy.

Judy first showed the operator the three most luxurious halls of the Forbidden City: Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall and Shrine. And ask the psychic to predict the future of these three halls.

Chu Di thought that this "god operator" would flatter him and say a lot of good things, but unexpectedly, this "god operator" looked at the back of the three halls and shook his head and sighed.

Finally, the "God Operator" regrets to tell Judy that the three luxurious halls will be destroyed by a fire in the next spring.

Judy was half dead with anger when the words of this "god operator" came out. He immediately locked the man up and wanted to wait until the next spring to see the truth of this "divine operator" prediction.

What Emperor Judy never expected was that the three halls were really destroyed by lightning at the end of March and the beginning of April the following year.

Judy hurried to the prison to look for the "God Operator", but this "God Operator" committed suicide in prison.

Judy thought that the fire was God's punishment for wasting people's labor and money to build a palace, so he stopped rebuilding the three halls. Since then, he has been working in Fengtianmen in front of Fengtiandian until his death.

Then, why were the three halls of the Forbidden City destroyed by a fire? According to the current scientific speculation, because the three halls were built very high at that time, at the same time, people at that time did not know how to use lightning rods to prevent lightning, so they were struck by lightning. And that "God Operator" only estimated the impermanence of the weather change in Beijing in the second spring and made a prediction of the destruction of the Three Great Halls.

Poor Judy, the successful emperor, didn't understand why his proudest palace was destroyed by thunder and fire until his death. About this period of history, in the existing history books, only one sentence is used to explain it: the disasters of Gengzi, Fengtian, Gai Hua and Sanmiao in April.

Although Judy doesn't want to rebuild these three halls, it doesn't mean that his descendants won't rebuild them.

On the platform, there are some bronze incense burners that the emperor used to burn sandalwood during the ceremony. Incense burners 18, representing 18 provinces in Qing dynasty.

On the left and right sides outside the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there are also four copper cylinders for storing water and preventing fire, symbolizing "Jin Ou is in good condition".

The ancients called the cylinder in front of the palace "the sea at the door", which means "the sea in front of the door". The ancients thought that there was a sea in front of the door and they were not afraid of making a fire. Therefore, value-added tax is also called "auspicious value-added tax".

Not only furnishings, but also fire fighting equipment. In ancient times when science was underdeveloped, there was no running water in the palace, let alone fire fighting equipment. Therefore, the cylinder must be filled with water all the year round to prevent fire.

It is said that there were 308 vats in the Qing Dynasty, which were divided into three types by mass, namely, gold-plated copper barrels, bronze copper barrels and iron barrels, of which the most precious was gold-plated copper barrels. Up to now, there are only four vats left.

On the east and west sides of the pedestal outside the temple, there is also a bronze crane and a turtle, which are symbols of longevity. Next to the crane and turtle, there is also a lead musical instrument called "Jia Liang".

Jia Liang is the standard of Qing Dynasty, which means that the emperor is fair and knows who is half a catty and who is eight liang. On the opposite side of this beautiful volume, there is an instrument made of stone called sundial, which is an ancient instrument for measuring time. The emperor means that the benchmark of quantity and time is in his own hands.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is a temple with five ridges and four slopes, with long ridges in the east and west and two oblique vertical ridges in the front and back, thus forming a roof with five ridges and four slopes, which is called fairy hall style in architectural terminology.

There are 10 kinds of wild animals in the cornice, namely dragon, phoenix, lion, Tianma, hippocampus, sister-in-law, gambling on fish, sister-in-law, bullfighting and walking, which are special cases of ancient buildings in China.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest hall in the Forbidden City. Thousands of golden dragon patterns are decorated inside and outside the main hall, and 10 spine beast is installed in the corner, which is only one example in the existing ancient buildings.

On the fork ridges of ancient buildings in China, some small animals are decorated. The arrangement of these small animals is strictly regulated, and the number varies according to the level of the building. The most is the decoration on the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, totaling 10, which is unique in the architectural history of China Palace. Shows the supreme importance.

The first ornament is a man riding a phoenix fairy. According to legend, he was the King of Qi Ming in the Southern Dynasties, and later became an immortal. There is a 10 beast after the immortal.

The use of these small animals has strict hierarchical boundaries. Generally, nine kinds of animals are used at most, and only the Hall of Supreme Harmony can complete ten kinds. There are 7 Zhonghe halls and 9 Baohe halls. Small animals in other temples are declining step by step. There are only nine small animals in Tiananmen Square.

The steps in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony are three floors and five exits. There are 40 portals and 16 golden lock windows in front and back of the main hall. The decoration of the whole hall is gorgeous. Under the eaves, the dense buckets and indoor and outdoor beams are decorated with the highest-grade seal color paintings. The upper part of the door and window is inlaid with rhombus, the lower part is embossed with dragon pattern, and the tenon is equipped with gold-plated copper leaves engraved with dragon pattern.

On the main entrance of the main hall, there is also a plaque that reads "Ji Jian Sui Yi", which is the imperial pen of Emperor Qianlong. In order to protect cultural relics, the existing plaque is a replica.

This Hall of Supreme Harmony is also called the Golden Throne Hall. Why do you call it that? Because there are 47 18 square bricks on the ground floor of the main hall, with an area of about 0.67 square meters. These bricks are laid on the ground, flat as a mirror, smooth and delicate, like a layer of water, with a dark light.

So, do these bricks really contain gold?

In fact, these bricks are not made of gold, but are specially made in Suzhou. Its surface is light black, oily and bright, not astringent and not slippery. Suzhou area has good soil quality and fine workmanship, and it is called "golden brick" after firing.

The firing process of this kind of brick is extremely complicated, and it takes at least one year to burn a brick. Each piece is equivalent to the price of 60 kilograms of rice. It can be seen that although the BRICS does not contain gold, it is indeed valuable.

There are 72 pillars supporting the total weight of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, among which the top pillar is the thickest and the highest, with a diameter of1.06m and a height of12.7m. Nanmu was collected from Sichuan, Guangzhou, Yunnan and Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty. After the reconstruction of the Qing Dynasty, pines were collected from the mountains in the three northeastern provinces.

The imperial garden in the temple has a two-meter-high platform with six carved dragons and gold pillars, all of which are powdered and gilded. In the middle of these pillars is a Nanmu throne carved with nine golden dragons, also known as the "Kowloon Golden Lacquer Throne".

This throne was made between 1522 and 1566. Its total height is1.7m, its seat height is 0.49m, its seat width is1.58m, its longitudinal length is 0.79m, its lower seat length is1.62m, its width is 0.99m and its height is 0.2m.. 56666.866666666666

The surface of the throne is covered with gold, and each floor is decorated with auspicious dragon patterns from top to bottom. There are nine lifelike golden dragons on the chair ring, and in the middle of the chair back is a positive dragon, which stands upright on the back of the court, with golden dragons on its back, moire fire beads in the middle and grass patterns in the lower. At the waist of the high beam, there are lights on all sides, and there are patterns carved with the dragon playing beads.

The through hole is set off with blue satin, and the high waist is carved with lotus petals to support the cheeks. The middle girdle is decorated with beaded flowers, the four sides of dentures and the arch shoulders are decorated with grass and animal head reliefs, and the chair surface is decorated with golden satin cushions, which is magnificent and exquisite.

The carved dragon on the throne of Cailong has the characteristics of carved dragon in Ming Dynasty, which was seriously damaged and restored to its original appearance after being fully repaired by experts in the Forbidden City.

In front of the throne, there is a royal case, with symmetrical treasures, horns, cranes, incense and other exhibits on the left and right, as well as incense burners and candles for burning incense.

Among them, the treasure elephant carries grain in a treasure bottle, which symbolizes peace, abundant crops, national stability and political consolidation. Foot end is a kind of god beast in ancient myths and legends of China. It can "travel 18,000 miles a day" and is familiar with the four languages. Only a wise monarch can bring books and escort him.

There is an algae well in the middle of the ceiling above the throne, which evolved from the ancient "patio" and "skylight" and is one of the characteristics of ancient architecture in China. Mainly set in "noble" buildings, with the meaning of "sacred".

In the court of Caijing, there is a relief dragon with a ball in its mouth. The ball is hollow, with a copper tire and coated with mercury. This ball is called "Xuanyuan Mirror".

According to legend, it was made by the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan in ancient times. The hanging ball was linked with the dragon in the algae well, forming the form of Youlong's playing beads, which were hung on the throne of the emperor to show that all Chinese emperors were descendants of Xuanyuan and were orthodox descendants of the Yellow Emperor. It makes the palace magnificent and elegant, and also shows how noble the people sitting on this throne are.

In addition, above the beam of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, there is a treasure of the town hall, namely five mysterious symbols.

The worship of these five symbols is very regular, centering on the symbols provided by the Zaojingtai court directly above the Xuanyuan mirror hanging in the center of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and one symbol is dedicated to the east, west, north and south.

Because this symbol board is engraved with the symbols of the city hall, these symbols are also called "symbol board". A symbol card of the imperial court, about 0.37 meters high and 0.23 meters wide. Made of Korean wood produced in the northeast, with incense burner, wax table and Ganoderma lucidum in front.

The front of the sign board is divided into four layers from top to bottom, consisting of Buddha's mantra, gods and the Big Dipper, and the back is composed of 72 town hall symbols, which can be described as a town hall symbol.

According to the Qing Palace's Work Clearance of Architectural Firms, in 173 1 year, Yongzheng ordered hall of mental cultivation to install brass signs, and the Hall of Supreme Harmony and Gan Qing Palace installed wooden signs respectively. Accordingly, at least one symbol here should be 173 1 year dedicated to the Hall of Supreme Harmony.

On both sides of the door are blue brick sill walls with shutters. Inside and outside the temple are decorated with golden dragons and printed paintings, and the ceiling is a dragon covered with pink gold. There is a landing screen throne in the temple. The shapes of doors and windows are taken from the "Ming Tang" described in "Li Ji of the Great Generation", which avoids the similarity of the three halls.

There is a throne in the center of the temple, and there are two golden four-legged unicorns on the left and right sides of the throne. It is an imaginary beast. It is said that it travels 9000 kilometers a day, and is familiar with the four languages and distant things. On both sides of the emperor's throne, it symbolizes the sacredness of the monarch and is also used to burn sandalwood.

There are also two shoulders on each side of the throne, commonly known as "sedan chair", which is the means of transportation used by the Qing emperor in the palace. There are strict rules for the queen to sit in any sedan chair on any occasion. Shoulder straps are one of them.

On both sides of the platform of Zhonghe Hall, there is also a bronze incense burner for making a fire to keep warm. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial palace burned fine charcoal, which was called "carrot charcoal". This kind of charcoal is warm, non-combustible, gray and will not explode.

In ancient times, before going to the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the emperor would stop in this hall for a short time, receive the salute from cabinet ministers and officials of the Ministry of Rites, and then enter the Hall of Supreme Harmony for a ceremony.

In addition, every spring, during the Xiannongtan Festival, the emperor will go to the Zhonghe Hall to read the "bamboo board" with eulogy and check the farm tools used for farming. Before attending the Temple of Heaven, Ditan, National Altar, Ancestral Temple and other similar activities, the emperor will also read a memorial service here.

In the Qing Dynasty, emperors of different dynasties compiled a royal genealogy every seven years. After the compilation work is completed, a ceremony will be held in Zhonghe Hall and presented to the emperor for review. When Empress Dowager Cixi was awarded the national emblem, the emperor also went to Zhonghe Hall to read the proposed memorial. Sometimes, the emperor will also summon officials or give food here.

Baohe Hall of the Forbidden City is located behind Zhonghe Hall, one of the three main halls of the Forbidden City. The temple canon says that "ambition is nothing more than ambition, and God will keep it", which means that only by wholeheartedly maintaining indoor harmony can we live a happy life and the world be at peace.

On the plaque of Baohe Hall, there is the inscription "The Emperor made a pole", which is the imperial pen of Qianlong. Canon: Ji Zi's Hong Fan, which was built by the emperor.

This hall is 29 meters high, rectangular in plan, 9 rooms wide and 5 rooms deep, with a building area of 1240 square meters.

The yellow glazed tile rests on the top of the mountain with double eaves. There is a positive ridge in the middle of the roof, two vertical ridges in front and two vertical ridges in the back, and then a bifurcation ridge is inclined at the lower part of each vertical ridge, together with nine positive ridges, vertical ridges and bifurcation ridges, which is called "mountain-resting type" in architectural terminology.

The upper eaves are single-upturned, seven-step buckets, and the lower eaves are five-step buckets. The inside and outside eaves are painted with golden dragons and seals, and the ceiling is painted with a golden dragon. The six ceiling Cai Liang paintings are very unique, which are in harmony with the decoration and furnishings that emphasize Dan red, and appear luxurious and rich.

The interior of the temple is paved with gold bricks, and the north and south are carved with gold lacquer thrones. There are warm pavilions at the east and west ends, two boards and two doors, and wooden relief wishful Yunlong mixed with gold pilu hat. In the building, the method of reducing columns was adopted, and six gold columns on the front eaves of the hall were reduced, making the space spacious and comfortable.

In the middle of the back steps of Baohe Hall, there is a stone carved with Yunlong sea cliff, called Yunlong Stone Carving. This is the largest stone carving in the Forbidden City, with a length of 16.57m, a width of 3.07m, a thickness of 1.7m and a weight of 250 tons.

This stone carving was originally carved in the Ming Dynasty, and was re-carved in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. There are nine colorful pearls in the Youlong with patterns between cliffs, sea water and flowing clouds. Their images are dynamic and full of vitality.

This stone carving was produced in a cave in Fangshan, west of Beijing, and it took nearly a month to transport it to Beijing.

In addition, there are more than a thousand stone faucets on the pedestal where the three halls of Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe are located, which are a row of drainage heads.

The base of the three halls covers an area of about 2500 square meters and is made of large blocks of white marble. Sumitomo is engraved around the base of each floor. On Sumeru, a large rectangular stone bar named Defoe is placed horizontally.

There are pillars between the ground and fences between the pillars. Below them, there are drainage pipes. There is a stone carving faucet protruding from the bottom of each observation post. There are three sets of faucets, with a total of 1 142 faucets.

Except for the faucets with protruding corners on each floor, round holes are drilled between the two lips of other faucets, which communicate with the channels under the observation post. Because the design of the countertop is that the middle is higher than the periphery, whenever it rains, the rain that falls on the countertop naturally bypasses the bottom of the terrain and is discharged from Longkou, forming a spectacle of "a thousand dragons spitting water".

Baohe Hall has different uses in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Before the Ming ceremony, the emperor often changed clothes here, and when the queen and the prince were conferred, the emperor congratulated him in this hall. Every year on New Year's Eve and the fifteenth day of the first month in the Qing Dynasty, the emperor gave a banquet in honor of ministers, princes and ministers. The scene is spectacular.

Father-in-law, family banquets with official positions, and palace examinations for various subjects were all held in Baohe Hall. At the end of each year, the imperial clan and the official department fill in the yellow book of the Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies of the imperial clan and the foreign ministers of the provinces in the Baohe Hall.

1646 to 1656, the emperor shunzhi Fu Lin once lived in Baohe Hall, which was called "Yu Wei Palace" and his wedding was also held here. 1669 also lives in Baohe Hall, which is called "Qingning Palace". When the two emperors of the Qing Dynasty lived in Baohe Hall, they both changed their names to temporary residence.

1789, the location of palace examination during the imperial examination was moved from the Hall of Supreme Harmony to the Hall of Baohe.

Palace examination was the highest-level examination in the feudal imperial examination system. The emperor personally put forward a proposition, appointed a minister questionnaire, and personally read the former 10 paper. The first place is the champion, the second place is the second place, and the third place is the flower exploration. All high school students were awarded Jinshi and appointed as senior officials.

This kind of court examination is held every three years. Generally, participants have to pass the provincial examination and pass the examination before they can qualify for the palace examination.

The ceremony in palace examination was very grand, and the holding time was changed several times. In the early Qing dynasty, early April was stipulated, and then it was changed to early May. 1746, changed to April 26th, 176 1, changed to April 26th, 2 1, and then customized.

On the day of the entrance examination, officials with titles and cabinet officials entered the Baohe Hall from the cabinet through the left middle gate and wrote the title of the imperial edict on the yellow case on the east side of the main hall. The new palace is arranged on both sides of the single pen under the guidance of the officials of Crack Temple. According to the ranking in the exam, odd numbers are in the east and even numbers are in the west.

The emperor went to the imperial palace for a feast and flogging, and all the ministers of public office and princes bowed to the emperor three times and nine times. After the ceremony, the emperor returned to the palace, and officials from the Ministry of Rites asked questions. Gong knelt down and went into the temple, where he tried to answer the questions on both sides.

The test paper is made of white rice paper. On the first page of each test paper, fill in the candidate's name, age, native place and third-generation resume. After handing in the papers, the cover is folded into a tube by the sealer, sealed and stamped with the customs clearance stamp. The rest of the roll surface, roll back and riding seam are stamped with the seal of the Ministry of Rites.

The examination papers were examined by eight marking officers appointed by the emperor. When looking at the paper that the minister thinks has a good answer, draw a circle on it, and draw eight circles on the best paper. The test papers are sorted according to the number of laps, and then the first 10 is presented to the emperor, who decides the ranking.

Of course, the selection of the first scholar is not all based on real talent. Sometimes it's just the emperor's momentary pleasure. For example, in the court exam of 1548, a man named Qingwu won the first place. Because "Wu" and "Wu" are homophonic, Emperor Jiajing said that "unintentionally" would win the first prize. That night, Jiajing heard the thunder roar, and without thinking, he decided to let a man named Qin be the champion. This is really good at writing articles. Better have a good name.

Another example is the court exam of 1903. Scholar Shoupeng Wang is one of the top 10 people, and he is full of praise for the word "skinny". The legendary Peng Zu lived for 700 to 800 years. In order to please the Western Empress Dowager, she was given a birthday on the 10th day of October. She thought the word Shoupeng was auspicious and festive, so the examiner made an exception and promoted Shoupeng Wang to the top spot.

The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the day to announce the examination results. The new Jinshi entered the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square from the noon gate to salute the emperor, and then left the palace.

At this time, the prefect of Shuntian has prepared an umbrella cover for the champion. The prefect put a red ribbon and a big red flower on the champion, toasted the champion, runner-up and Tan Hua, helped the champion get on the horse and sent the champion home.

The next day, does a banquet in honor of the new Jinshi, called "Rong En Banquet" or "Ming Road Banquet".

China's last court exam was 1904 and Jinshi 150. From then on, the feudal imperial examination system, which had been implemented in China for more than 1000 years, was finally abolished.