Different from the two river basins, the Nile basin is Libyan desert in the west, Arabian desert in the east, Nubian desert and waterfalls in the south, and the coast without harbor in the delta region in the north. Embraced by these natural barriers, ancient Egyptians could live safely without the fear and pain brought by barbarian invasion. As the "gift of the Nile" in Egypt, the annual flood of Nile water covers the valley with a thick layer of silt, which makes the land in the valley extremely fertile and crops can be harvested three times a year. According to Greek Dodd, "farmers there only need to wait for the river to overflow into the fields for irrigation, and then return to the riverbed after irrigation." Then everyone scatters the seeds on their own land, let the pigs step into these seeds, and then wait for the harvest. " Indeed, it was the Nile that made the downstream agriculture rise and become a famous granary in ancient times. In ancient Egypt, agriculture has always been the most important social and economic foundation. In such a unique natural environment and natural conditions, the history of ancient Egypt is relatively simple. Since Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in about 332 BC, * * * has experienced 3 1 dynasties. In the meantime, although it experienced civil strife and short-term foreign invasion, the overall political situation was relatively stable. Papyrus is a reed-like plant, which is abundant in the Nile Delta. The stem is triangular, about five meters high, and the diameter near the root is 6 ~ 8 cm. When in use, the papyrus is peeled off, cut into long strips along the growth direction with a knife, placed horizontally and vertically, and struck with a mallet to make the juice of the papyrus ooze. After drying, these strips are permanently glued together, and finally polished with pumice, which can be used. It became the most advanced writing carrier at that time-papyrus paper, which was more than 1000 years earlier than that of China and Cai Lun, and became an important document for later scholars to study ancient Egyptian civilization. However, because papyrus paper is not suitable for folding and cannot be made into books, it is necessary to stick many papyrus pieces into long strips and roll them into scrolls after writing.

An ancient ship unearthed in Egypt about 4700 BC, nearly 50 meters long and fully equipped, shows the original navigation technology and scale. Lighter boats are made of reeds. Don't underestimate this reed boat. The reed boat imitated by modern people has proved that this kind of boat can cross the Atlantic. These undoubtedly played a vital role in the social prosperity and civilization of ancient Egypt towards the world.