The religions in China that have obtained legal status with the approval of the government currently include Buddhism, Christianity, Catholicism, Islam and Taoism. In addition, in academic circles, there are Confucianism with or without religious organizations and activities, folk religions with sporadic activities but no legal status, and the social tendency of "emerging religions" that cannot be ignored.

The present situation of religion in China is formed by inheriting thousands of years' tradition and nearly a hundred years' history.

Thousands of years of tradition, mainly polytheism. There are roughly two origins of local gods in China: one is blood gods, that is, gods derived from ancestor worship to the belief of the general public, such as Huangdi and Yan Di; The other kind is natural gods, that is, gods who are omnipresent and omnipotent by nature worship, such as heaven and earth, tripterygium wilfordii, Fengbo, mountain gods, water gods and tree gods. The former has strong national feelings, while the latter has strong symbolic significance. The two are not completely separated, and they are often one god and two natures. For example, Tiandi is not only a symbol of natural zenith, but also a name, place of origin and resume. He is from China.

China once believed in all these gods. However, China, after all, is a country of etiquette, and it still needs to make some hierarchical differences with God. Therefore, the traditional deity in China is a huge system, which is the reflection of the hierarchy in the world on the other side. China's polytheism worship is not as "too much" as Wang Wen imagined, so chaotic and lacking in "specificity". Although the object of this worship is many individuals, these individuals are integrated into a whole, and their basic spirit and purpose are the same. Therefore, when "Gizao" worships the Kitchen King, the highest admiration is still in the position of the Emperor of Heaven, and it does not change the inner spirit because of the present form. All ghosts and gods who wander outside this body are called "lewdness", that is, they have no legal status of being believed. In the traditional China society, "Yin Temple" is a social problem that has been repeatedly banned, but it is also the overall situation of the orthodox school.

The traditional polytheism in China has undergone several major changes. The first time was in the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, Confucius was the leader to reorganize China's religious system. Since then, the God of China has taken this as the basic system for more than 2,000 years.

The second great change was in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The introduction of Buddhism brought another complete religious system. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it lasted more than 800 years. China people gradually accepted the "Western" Buddhist religious system at that time and combined it with the local Confucian religious system. At the same time, under its stimulus, they perfected the religious system of Taoism. After nearly a thousand years, China people have perfected the belief system of "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism" and "three religions in one", reaching the point where you have me and I have you. The top intellectual elites of the three religions absorb each other in theory. Refracted to the people, although sometimes we can distinguish who is superior and who is inferior, it is often unclear, even "fuzzy" and "chaotic". "I would rather worship my mistakes than let them go" is the mentality of many believers. With the end of the feudal era, the traditional "integration of the three religions" completely completed the historical mission of "integration". The basis of "the unity of the three religions" is "Confucianism", and the feudal imperial power is behind it. The imperial power declined, and the theocracy lost its backer. From then on, there was only division but no union. Coincidence is the other side of the distant future.

The third great change was realized after the Opium War. Western gods came to China with westerners and western guns. China people suddenly discovered that there is a realistic "West" besides the Buddhist paradise of "West", and this "Taixi" western god was very powerful from the moment it appeared. Although the taste of "the love of Christ" has permeated like honey through the efforts of several generations, there are still many people in China who doubt whether God with long nose and white skin will treat "sinners" with short nose and yellow skin equally. The coexistence of old and new gods is a reality in China, but it is impossible for most people in China, especially farmers, to regard God as a Buddha.

First, Buddhism

In terms of vitality, followers and China, Buddhism is the strongest in China. Among the more than 100 million religious believers in China, Chinese, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism Buddhism are the religions that most people believe in. Buddhist reform has three main points:

(-) Modern translation and introduction of doctrine classics. For example, rebuild the Tripitaka, choose the necessary translation and interpretation, and write popular books.

(2) The cultivation of the academic qualifications and knowledge of the members of the monk group. Such as the establishment of Buddhist universities and Buddhist colleges at all levels.

(3) Modernization of temple construction and management. For example, the research and exploration of temple economy.

The above three points can be summarized as Buddhist culture, Buddhist education and Buddhist economy. It can be said that they are in the same strain as the "revolution of teaching theory, revolution of monk system and revolution of temple production" put forward by Master Taixu, but they have not been realized in the situation of warlord scuffle, people's misery, national peril and the movement after 1949. Only in today's reform and opening up can we play this song again. But compared with the empty era, these three aspects of reform have changed greatly from essence to form.

The first aspect, in essence, is to establish a modern Buddhist research and Buddhist ideological system and become a part of the mainstream culture of society. We should establish faith on the basis of absorbing a large number of humanities research results, establish the popularization and application of the concept of pure land on earth in society with the activation of faith, and achieve the cause of joining the WTO with the spirit of being born. On the premise of maintaining the basic elements of Buddhism, Buddhism returns to the world, is close to society and serves life. This requires a whole set of new theoretical preparations. But for the Buddhist community, academics cannot conflict with beliefs, or they will lose their religious spirit.

The second aspect is to adhere to the Buddhist principles of "abstinence, determination and wisdom". In this regard, Hu Guang's "entry into the WTO (such as allowing monks and nuns to marry and live at home)" mentioned in "On Outline" is very dazzling. At this point, China Buddhism can never learn from Japanese Buddhism. The transcendence of a monk is directly related to his childlessness and homelessness. It can also be said that if a monk gets married and lives at home, he loses the admirable reason of "giving his life for the law" and the monk group falls apart. It is even impossible to be a professional guardian of ashes like some Japanese monks, because China people do not have the custom of storing ashes in temples today. The failure of Taoism is not unrelated to the people's contempt for the marriage and family of "orthodox" Taoism.

Whether Buddhism in China can be modernized, face the society and serve life is not the key. When a monk marries a wife, Buddhism will flourish. It is not as good as a monk and a woman. I am afraid that Buddhism will not flourish because of this, but will decline because of this.

In this regard, the key is to deepen education and improve talents. At present, from the perspective of the three major systems of northern transmission, Tibetan transmission and southern transmission, from the perspective of precepts, Han monks should send more monks to the upper part of southern transmission. Monks, the leaders among them should be outstanding people with clear political views, firm religious stance, excellent cultural accomplishment and thorough dedication. A monk should have the knowledge, education and degree that ordinary people have, and also have the desire of abstinence, enlightenment and practicing Buddhism that ordinary people don't have. In China, if there are 10 famous Chinese and foreign virtues, 100 eminent monks who educate one side and 1000 monks who cultivate wisdom, why can't Buddhism flourish? And what's wrong with such a group of people among the 654.38+03 billion people?

There are two important factors related to the second aspect.

First, the Buddhist Buddhism. For more than 100 years, lay people have been in a position that cannot be ignored in the spread and development of Buddhism, and have made immeasurable contributions, which are obvious to all and well-known. In the process of realizing the modernization of Buddhism in China, lay people will still play an important role. As far as laity is concerned, some of them have profound attainments and can be regarded as teachers; Most of them are more honest than knowledge, and like some monks, they need education and improvement. Without laymen as the foundation and guarantee of the monk group, the monk group lacks vitality and stamina; Without the monk group as the core and leader of the layman, the layman can easily become empty talk and arrogance. In the reform of Buddhism, lay Buddhism must pay attention to it.

The second kind is monks. Although there are strange people in Buddhist history, according to Buddhist tradition, their status is not high. Since modern times, the change of women's status in secular society has had a considerable impact on Buddhism. Their own characteristics have also contributed to their increasingly important role. Due to some social factors, the number of monks will increase in the near future. How to educate, improve and play its positive role is an important and special topic.

In the third aspect, the content to be reformed is richer. In a word, we can basically absorb some architectural features and management experience of Christianity. For example, the newly-built hall should not be extended to the old model. The hall is dark and narrow, with few people, which is prone to accidents, detrimental to solemnity and unfavorable to the public. In the 2 1 century, we should build a new Buddhist temple with spacious and bright as the leading idea.

In particular, the temple economy should not only accept charity in harmony with the laws of the world, but also have new ideas on how to improve its self-reliance and help others. At present, the traditional Buddhist precept that monks should not keep their property privately has been basically broken, but the new financial system is not perfect, and many monasteries have become shortcuts for individuals to accumulate wealth. This is wrong, sacredness is desecrated, purity is polluted, and monks are corrupted, which is a catastrophe!

Second, Taoism.

Can Taoism be revived like Buddhism? I'm skeptical. The key lies in the polarization of Taoist thought: one pole is biased towards gods, that is, all kinds of true gods, which is unacceptable to people with modern education. On the other hand, it is extremely godless, that is, all kinds of physical exercise are easy to accept, but what is the difference from the secular?

Therefore, in my humble opinion. Taoism should emphasize the symbolic meaning of god from the doctrine, and god is not a god, so that modern people can accept it; In practice, we should emphasize the transcendental consciousness of health care, not the spirit.

I want to talk about mysticism by the way. I think mysticism will not disappear as long as human beings have unknown fields. There is no religion without miracles, and there is no religion without a mysterious destination. Therefore, it is not surprising that religion is a bit mysterious, and it should be normal. Of course, the mystery is out of control, and cheating is another matter.

Three. Islamism

As a concrete reform of religion, culture, education and economy, that is, teaching theory, teaching mission and teaching production, are indispensable. I want to add something to Islam.

Islam has been introduced into China for a long time, and it is closely integrated with many ethnic minorities. Because the strict provisions of Islamic teachings such as "recognizing the only thing" and "caring for the poor and burying the poor" are different from the customs of the Han nationality, although Islam has spread in China for more than a thousand years, few Han people have converted to Islam. Therefore, Islam is still closed in China society, and its rise and fall has little influence on the society in Han areas, but it plays an important role in some minority areas. Islam is of great significance to national unity, national unity and territorial integrity.

Therefore, in order to reform Islam, in addition to the above five preconditions, it can also give play to its advantages in guiding believers to achieve harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups and safeguarding the unity and integrity of the motherland.

In the history of China, there was a "return to Confucianism" in which "Western learning spread to the east". They take preaching Islam as their own responsibility, "learn from others' strengths and learn from Arabic", and have made outstanding contributions to China's religion and promoted the spread and development of Islam in China. This fine tradition should be inherited and carried forward in today's reform, so that China's Islam can become a modern religion with more China characteristics, which is more closely related to China's contemporary social life, with patriotism as its "imam" (belief), and contribute to the common modernization of ethnic minorities and Han nationality.

Four. Catholicism and Christianity

I put Catholicism and Christianity together only because they both come from the West. As "foreign religions", they are more likely to be modern than other religions, but as far as I know, compared with Catholicism and Christianity in the west today, the two major religions in China have retained quite strong traditional characteristics. To realize the modernization of China society, the two major religions still need to work hard. The believers of the two major religions have developed in recent years, so the problem of improving the quality of believers has emerged, which is an urgent problem for the two major religions to solve.

As my major is Buddhism, I can only say a few vague words about the reform of Islam, Catholicism and Christianity. If relevant experts can put forward more practical opinions, I am all ears.

Here, I would also like to talk about three religions that have not been included in the reform.

One is Confucianism. First of all, it should be set as a religion. Can it be resurrected? I don't think so. But I think many of these factors are valuable and worth rethinking.

First of all, we should talk about ancestor worship. From the traditional China society scattered all over the world, it is indispensable to maintain national beliefs and feelings. A nation, a family and a family cannot live without roots. These eight words, "be cautious in pursuing the future, be virtuous and carry things", are sincere and serious, and have some religious meaning, at least solemn. Therefore, when the Huangdi Mausoleum is going to offer sacrifices, the ancestors of all families should not forget that the cultivation of folk customs and morality should start here. Confucianism still has many merits, so I won't talk about it here.

The second is folk religion. Folk religions are not all cults, but most of them are absurd and easy to attract believers. We can't talk about reform, but we can't just ban it by administrative order. Therefore, first of all, we should improve the cultural level of believers and expand their knowledge; Secondly, it is necessary to enhance physical resistance and ward off evil spirits, encourage orthodox religions to absorb and differentiate the followers of these folk religions, and turn superstition into faith.

Third, emerging religions. Emerging religions are experts in mixing tradition and modernity, and they are best at inventing new theories, which is also the most dangerous. We must nip in the bud. If the "religious reform" is not successful, it will just slide to emerging religions and must be clearly concerned.

Finally, I want to emphasize again that I am also a scholar. Although there are some social surveys and practices, they are limited after all. The above words are just my personal thoughts over the past few years. The reason why I really want to talk about this matter is that in some ways, I share the same sense of urgency as my brother Hu Guang. Since I am here to study religion, I have the responsibility to say a few words about my actual feelings.

Religious reform refers to a reform of Christianity from the 6th century to the 7th century. This is a bourgeois reform in the guise of religion. The representatives of the reform include Martin Luther, Calvin, Zwingli and other people, as well as developed Protestant sects. It is generally believed that the religious reform began with the 95 theses put forward by Martin Luther in 15 17 and ended with the 1648 Peace Treaty of Westphalia.

History of Christianity (9): Catholic Reform

Is Catholicism a "heresy"? There are two views on this issue: some people think that Catholicism is not only a deviant heresy, but also an adulteress mentioned in Revelation 17, and it is antichrist. Some people think that Catholicism is not heresy. In the past, Catholicism defined others as heresies, but now others want to define themselves as heresies. Some people regarded Catholicism as a heresy when they were young, but later they changed their stance. He said, "Age can change our views on sects, and perhaps when our knowledge of sects increases, we can clarify past misunderstandings. Therefore, Catholicism cannot be regarded as heresy by the most corrupt situation of Catholicism in the Middle Ages. After all, every religious group is constantly changing, learning from its mistakes and constantly correcting and reflecting on itself. The Reformation did not shrink Catholicism, but developed and influenced the whole world.

I. Reflection on Roman Catholicism

The Reformation was a great shock to the Roman Catholic leadership, who learned a lesson from the painful experience and deeply felt that the church needed reform. Pope Paul III appointed digital cardinals in 1534 to gain a deeper understanding of the internal problems of the church and promote the renewal movement. After in-depth investigation and reflection, 1538 completed a report, made a detailed analysis and review of the various drawbacks of the church, and even put forward suggestions for renewing the church, and then launched a series of reforms. They set up a "Love Association of God" in Rome, determined to reform the church. Practice piety through prayer, bible reading and worship, and then trigger the spiritual renewal of the church through the influence of their lives. Many of these people will become Catholic targets in the future. In addition, many monasteries also clean their doors separately to improve their spiritual quality.

1. Restore the piety in the Middle Ages: The emotion of longing for harmony with God gradually spread in the Middle Ages, resulting in new mysticism, and many clergy and laymen pursued the experience of harmony with God. At the same time, monks in the Middle Ages often regarded poverty and serving the poor, the sick and the helpless as the necessary process of spiritual practice. This ideal and feeling of life has been silent for a long time, and now it has become a spiritual motivation again. On the other hand, due to the great respect for the church tradition in the Middle Ages, restoring piety in the Middle Ages means restoring respect for tradition. Therefore, there is a completely different trend in Catholicism from the Reformed Sect, which respects the tradition of the church more than the believers in the Middle Ages. For this reason, the revival movement in Catholicism is also called the "retro movement".

2. Review the traditional theological system: Although many of them agree with Luther's advocacy of justification by faith, some people are stubborn in the medieval theological framework. The interaction between the two factions led to the new development of Catholicism in theology. Generally speaking, their theology still sticks to the medieval structure, but the tendency of logical thinking to haggle over every ounce and get to the bottom of it has been corrected. They began to pay attention to the teaching of the Bible, the traditional interpretation and the practice of life. Although the smell of scholasticism is still very strong, and Aquinas' theology is still dominated by Catholic theology, the emerging scholasticism is more in line with the needs of the times and no longer far away from the crowd like the old scholasticism. At the same time, a new interpretation of Aquinas' theology was made. After reinterpretation, Aquinas's systematic theology is more in line with the needs of the times and the local.

3. Cooperation with Christian Humanism: They work together with Christian Humanism to develop culture and try to create a new cultural harmony. Just like the Middle Ages, Christian belief became the foundation of cultural establishment. Now, the medieval culture has collapsed. They helped the development of humanism in order to gain a leading position at all levels of culture and generate the motivation for cultural renewal. In terms of cultural reconstruction, Catholicism has made greater achievements than proselytism, because they did not abandon Christian humanism like Luther, but combined with it, so many important scientists and thinkers have become a great help to Catholicism.

4. Encourage and develop enthusiasm for missionary work: Catholicism has aroused enthusiasm for missionary work and has become the basis for the expansion of the church. The enthusiasm for missionary work was initially directed at the converts, who hoped to bring them back to the Catholic faith. Later, they expanded the goal and scope of their work, so that in the seventeenth century, Catholic missionary activities abroad began rapidly. On the contrary, the proselytism at this time was stagnant due to internal disputes. Therefore, the missionary movement was almost two centuries later than Catholicism. . Although Catholicism has been lost in Europe, it has made great achievements in preaching in other places.

Two. Mitigation meeting

The Tiante Conference was convened by Paul III to redefine the identity and direction of the church in a rapidly changing era. The Tiante Meeting held three intermittent meetings from 1545 to 1563. There were 25 discussions before and after, which took nearly 18 years. A total of 3 popes, 25 archbishops, 65,438+029 bishops, 7 abbots, 7 leaders of Catholic special groups, and 65,438+00 prosecutors joined hands with the ambassadors of some Catholic countries in Europe to sign many decrees adopted at this conference. At that time, Pius IV was ill in bed. In response to the conclusion of this conference, he said: "All this is the result of the touch of the spirit of God. A bishop once described it like this: "In the history of the church, there has never been a general meeting that decided so many issues, established so many doctrines or formulated so many laws and regulations. On the one hand, it cleans up some corruption and abuses in the church, on the other hand, it makes the Catholic church more conservative and closed in faith. Tiante Conference is a pioneer and model of modern Catholic theology. At this meeting, some important decisions were made.

1. Bible: The vulgar translation of Latin is still the most authoritative classic, and the traditional authority of the secondary scriptures is also recognized. Tradition and the Bible are both inspired and authoritative. When there was a conflict between the two, they turned to the decision of the Supreme Pope.

2. Pope: The Pontifical Council re-established the authority of the Pope, believing that only he can interpret the traditional tenets and decrees of the church.

3. Sacraments: They think there are seven kinds of statutory sacraments. Besides baptism and communion, there are confirmation ceremony, wedding ceremony, acceptance ceremony, confession ceremony and final anointing ceremony. Then Christianity only accepts communion and baptism.

4. Eucharist: Eucharist advocates that bread and cups become the body and blood of Jesus after the priest prays, which is very close to the position of Luther Martin Luther.

5. purgatory: they still insist on purgatory. Praying for souls trapped in purgatory is of course effective; It also affirmed the efficacy of the atonement voucher, but also criticized all kinds of disadvantages brought by the atonement voucher. Perhaps more importantly, the Pontifical Council re-established the authority of the Pope, believing that only he can interpret the traditional tenets and decrees of the church.

6. Banned books: They compiled a list of banned books. All Martin Luther's works or books of religious reform leaders have become banned books, not only banned from reading, but also burned. They called Martin Luther a heresy.

7. Heresy Court: Continue the heresy court. This notorious heretical court is somewhat similar to the international secret police. Many harsh punishments are carried out here, so it often becomes a tool for the Pope to suppress and exclude dissidents. Galileo, a scientist in the sixteenth century, or Copernicus was once classified as a heresy by the heresy court.

8. Justification theology: it is also the most important work, namely justification theology. The cooperation between righteousness and deeds is the most arduous task of the special Committee of Heaven. On the one hand, it clarified the theological position of Catholicism, on the other hand, it responded to Martin Luther's religious reform.

A. Emphasize people's moral preparation, and people should intentionally turn to God and accept God's touch.

B. believing in the Lord does not mean being saved. Believing in the Lord still requires fear and trembling, so there is no evidence of salvation. As for the theological concept of eternal salvation that the Reformed Sect has always adhered to as a doctrine, Tiante will promulgate: "If someone says that once you are righteous, you will never lose your salvation. Therefore, degenerate criminals are never justified! This man is cursed. 」

C. Tian Texin Jing refused to be restored and justified. They refused to justify themselves by making statements. We all know that stating justification is Martin Luther's unique discovery, but Catholicism refuses to state justification, thinking that justification is not only the forgiveness of sins, but also the sanctification and renewal of the heart; They distinguish between rational beliefs and letters that make people love. Only the latter is effective and can meet the requirements of justification. Therefore, after believing in the Lord, actions should match faith and increase righteousness.

9. General comment: The Tiante Conference showed the success of the papal system and affirmed the supreme authority of the pope. At the same time, we should correct the shortcomings of many churches and prepare better education for clergy. The clergy have some rules: in big city churches, it is stipulated to explain the Bible and the way of salvation to the congregation; Priests should perform their duties, and they should not hold several positions. In a word, Tiante Conference gave Roman Catholicism a clear belief orientation in the next four centuries, consolidated the central leadership center, and formulated the highest guiding principles for the upcoming missionary work, spiritual pursuit and religious war.

Three. Loyola and the Jesuits

Another factor that contributed greatly to the Catholic revival movement was the establishment and expansion of Jesuits. Jesuits have made great achievements in teaching laymen, running schools and preaching, and are also the fastest growing religious order of Catholicism in recent hundreds of years. Chabli Ou, a famous missionary, and Matteo Ricci, a missionary in China, are both Jesuit monks.

1. Early career: 149 1, Luo Yaola was born in a wealthy family in Spain. When he was young, he yearned for a military career and was full of military ambitions. At the age of 30, his leg was seriously injured in a battle, resulting in disability and he could no longer join the army. In extreme pain, he read The Biography of Saints, which revived his spirituality and made up his mind to be a soldier of Christ. He came to a conclusion that if he wants to devote himself to God completely, the first thing he should learn is absolute obedience, which is not difficult for him to join the army. Obeying God, the most concrete manifestation, is obeying God's representative on the earth, that is, the Pope.

2. Spiritual experience: 1522 Follow the example of saints of all ages and lead a poor life. That autumn, he sat by the river praying and meditating, and his spiritual epiphany was suddenly opened by God, who made him understand a lot of truth and light. According to the light he received, he wrote a book "Practice", which is a concrete spiritual guide and also a manual for training soldiers.

3. College equipment: 1532 went to Jerusalem to preach and found himself too ignorant and incompetent. So I decided to get ready before military service. I started with basic courses and went straight to the University of Paris for a master's degree in theology. I know six companions at school and share the burden of preaching the gospel. 1534, they founded the Jesuits in Paris, vowed to remain poor and celibate, and spread the gospel to the whole world. On the way to Rome 1537, he saw an illusion. He saw Jesus with the cross on his back and the Father beside him. The holy father said to the Lord Jesus, "I want you to take this man as your servant." Jesus said to Gloria, "I want you to serve us. He began to serve Christ as the center.

4. Jesuits: 1540, Jesuits were established with the approval of Pope Paul III. They want to expand the kingdom of God, which is represented by the Pope in the Roman Church. Anyone who deviates from the Roman church is a heresy. They are the most creative and dynamic group in the Catholic missionary team, and their number reached more than 22,000 in the eighteenth century. Education is also fruitful. By 1749, they have built 800 schools and trained many social elites. Their radical missionary strategy was very effective, but it was envied by other religious orders, which led to the dissolution of 1773 by the Pope and the frustration of missionary work. However, it was later allowed to resume the meeting, which still had a great impact on missionary work and education. Jesuits have four missions:

Four. Ocean exploration and education

1. The Great Adventure Era:15th century, the Great Adventure Era initiated by Catholic countries Portugal and Spain, was heated up by Columbus' discovery of the new American continent. In order to avoid serious conflicts of interest between the two Catholic countries, the Pope stepped in and granted the two countries the right to protect their religions. Both sides vowed to promote Christian teachings in their newly discovered lands. Therefore, in 1494 and 1529, two treaties, Todessila Tordesillas and Zaragoza, were signed, confirming that Portugal's sphere of influence is Asia, east indies, Brazil and Africa. Spain is America, the Pacific Islands and the Philippine Islands. The two countries have the obligation to provide missionary funds and transportation support, and the Pope must obtain the consent of the countries concerned when appointing bishops or establishing Protestant areas.

2. Competition among religious orders: 1585, the newly established Jesuits showed great ambition and privately designated China and Japan as special zones for them to preach to the Pope, excluding other missionary groups. The Portuguese king was dissatisfied when he learned that he had violated his right to protect religion, so he allowed other temples to enter Japan. With the efforts of all parties, 1606, there are about 750,000 Christians in Japan. Besides Jesuits, there are Franciscans, Dominicans and Austrians. Most of the missionaries who came to China were Portuguese Jesuits, and Franciscans, Dominicans and Austrians also came to China.

3. Establishment of the Ministry of Communication: There will always be some friction between missionary societies because of the tightness of teaching and the application of missionary methods. In addition, the complicated relationship between the church and the state, the selfish departmentalism in the sphere of missionary influence and the conflict of rights and interests caused by the right to protect the church have caused serious internal friction in Catholic missionary efforts in Asia. In order to directly control all missionary work and avoid the interference of national and regional governments, the Holy See established a holy congregation to spread this belief in 1622. The agency has the right to deal with matters related to missionary work around the world. By the end of 17, except for Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans and Austrians, all missionaries in Asia were sent directly by the Ministry of Communications.

4. Missionary Society in China: Although Jesuit Shabuliu actively tried to preach in China, he failed to do so. 1552 died in Shangchuan Island off the coast of Guangdong, and his death attracted the attention of the Catholic Church to missionary work in China. In the following 30 years, Jesuits, Franciscans, Austrians and Dominicans sent missionaries one after another, but they were unable to enter China. It was not until 1583 that Jesuits Luo Mingjian and Matteo Ricci successfully established the church in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province for the first time. Since then, many missionaries have successively entered China to preach and developed into the most influential Catholic group in China in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Until 1773, the pope ordered the dissolution of the society, and a total of 472 Jesuits came to China to preach. Half a century later, Dominicans, Franciscans and Austrians sent people to China to preach.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Catholic mysticism

During the Tante Conference, Catholicism produced many spiritual movements, during which a large number of spiritual works were produced. In addition to Loyola, there is the Gal Murrow Reformation centered on Dadeland and John X.. They use spiritual theology to express traditional theological language and interpret the connotation of Christian belief from another angle.

1. Carmel elite: also known as Carmel mountain society or sacred clothing society. Founded in 1206, belonging to Tuoba order, 152 1 year. There will be many mysterious spiritual saints in the holy garments, such as John X, Big Dylan, Little Dylan and Brother Lawrence.

2. DeDeland: DeDeland is the glory of Spain and the reformer of Karl Murrow convent. 1558, she was determined to reform the convent and establish a convent with meditation as the main focus, focusing on prayer, doing good and being willing to be poor. And a simple lifestyle. Her love for God infected many people's desire to love God and attracted many people to learn her teachings. In a short time, the thought and method of Dadeland's prayer not only swept Spain, but also affected the whole of Europe. Her spiritual books are very authoritative in Catholicism. In the fourth century, many people got spiritual help from her works.

3. Ten John: Ten John cooperated with Dadelan to carry out the reform of the mission and achieved remarkable results. John's cross reveals the mysterious characteristics of Spain's spiritual practice. He is not only a profound meditator, but also a soul teacher who understands people's hearts. His life not only marked the true meaning of "cross", but also left this world with confidence. After the trial, the soul got a model of transcendence.