1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.
4. 1856- 1860 The British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).
6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
8. 1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
9. 1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.
10. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with the eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
11.65438+1960s-1990s, westernization? B style='color: black; Background color: # A0FFFF'> Break your arm? In the early days of the Westernization Movement, with the slogan of "self-improvement" and the introduction of advanced western production technology, a number of modern military industries such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau were established. Later, under the slogan of "seeking wealth", some civilian industries were set up, such as China Merchants Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and Hubei Textile Layout. Construction began in the 1970s and 1980s.
12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on it)
13.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" kicked off the political reform.
14.18 From June to September, 1998, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the content of which was (P33): It is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.
In 15. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized the revolutionary group Zhong Xing Society. 1905 Established a unified revolutionary organization, China League, with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister, and adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment has greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.
16.1911The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.
17. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, launched a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.
In 18. 19 18, Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.
19. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement also showed absolute negative or positive bias towards the eastern and western cultures, and had an impact on later generations.
20.1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside and getting rid of national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike to support the students' struggle. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
The first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) held in Shanghai in July adopted the Party's program, and determined that the Party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize communism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.
22. 1922 the second national congress of communist party, China decided that the party's program of democratic revolution is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic Republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.
Huangpu Military Academy was founded on 23rd.1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.
24. 1926, Guangdong National Government's Northern Expedition, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
25. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, takes refuge in imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.
26. 1.0927 In August, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.
27.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the rural areas with weak enemy forces, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.
28. 1934 10 to 1936 10 After the failure to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression", the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and make a long March.
29. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution, and it was the party's.
On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Army and the Red Fourth Army won and joined forces with the Red Army, announcing the end of the Long March victory. The victory of the Long March shattered the reactionary forces of the Kuomintang and preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, thus turning the corner of the China revolution.
3 1. 193 1 September 18th Incident broke out, and Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang stationed in the northeast implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces fell into the enemy's hands in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.
32. After the September 18th Incident, the Communist Party of China (CPC) put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the National Government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang accepted the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s idea. In order to force Jiang to resist Japan, an incident was launched in June1936+February 12. After the incident, * * occurred all over China.
33. 1937 The Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which created the July 7th Incident and the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of China people broke out in an all-round way. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country and fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.
34.1937 65438+In February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) won the "Pingxingguan Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War. In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.
36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an on April 1945. The congress mainly discussed the major issues of what road China will take after winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The party's political line was formulated: mobilizing the masses freely, defeating the Japanese aggressors under the leadership of China, liberating the people of the whole country and establishing a new-democratic China.
37.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.
38. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch an anti-communist and anti-people civil war. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, he invited Mao Zedong to negotiate in Chongqing. 1August 1948 to1September 19451October, in order to strive for domestic peace as much as possible, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang and finally reached the "Double Ten" of peaceful founding of the country.
39. 1946 In June, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.
40.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.
From April 1.1September 1948 to June 1949 and1year, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people driving a car), and the whole territory of North China was basically liberated. 49660.868666 (master P98 map) The victory of the three major battles wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
42.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.
After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry". He founded a series of enterprises, such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, as well as schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.
44. The most famous newspaper in China is Shenbao, and 1872 was founded in Shanghai. Founded in Shanghai, the Commercial Press 1897 is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.
The Jing-Zhang Railway built by Zhan Tianyou is the first railway designed and built by China people themselves. 46. Hou, who unveiled the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".
47. Wei Yuan and Yan Fu are the representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times. Wei Yuan compiled a book "Atlas of Sea Countries", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compilation was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of natural evolution and expounded that "natural selection is the only way to survive"
48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.
49.6438+0905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.
50. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.