2。 Meiji Restoration (19), Japan, Meiji Emperor 1868: Abandoning clan and establishing county, strengthening centralization; Allow land sales to introduce western technology and encourage the development of modern industry; Advocate civilization, learn from Europe and America, and strive to develop education.
3。 186 1 year reform (People's Education Ninth Edition 19), Russia, Alexander II. It is stipulated that serfs are "free men" in law, and landlords are not allowed to buy or sell serfs or interfere in their lives; After the serfs were liberated, they could pay for land. It accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and became a major turning point in modern Russian history.
4。 The Reform Movement of 1898 (8) 1898, Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. Reform government institutions, abolish redundant staff and appoint reformists; Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises, set up new schools, translate western books and spread new ideas; Establish newspapers and open their opinions; Train a new army. China's first ideological emancipation movement in modern times played an enlightening role.
5。 (8) Reform and opening up is a new period of socialist modernization. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee made a major decision to implement reform and opening up. Internal reform: rural areas: household contract responsibility system; Cities: the reform of state-owned enterprises. Opening to the outside world: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen are special economic zones (note the difference between Hong Kong and Macao).