【 Taihang Pass-Eight Lords of Taihang 】 Jiguan-Tielingguan, Taihang Pass (Tianjingguan, Xiongdingguan), Jingxingguan (Tumenguan), Hufeiguan and Zijingguan (Zizhuang Pass, called Jinbei Pass in Song Dynasty)
[Eight Customs in Luoyang] Hanguguan (now west of Luoyang and east of Xin 'an County), Daguguan (now southeast of Luoyang City), Guangchengguan (now south of Luoyang and west of Linru County), Yikeguan (now south of Longmen in Luoyang), Duan Yuanguan and Duan Yuanshan are in Yanshi and today.
[Yiyang Three Passes] The main passes in Dabie Mountain refer to Wushengguan, Jiuliguan and Pingjingguan, which are located at the junction of Henan and Hubei provinces in Xinyang City, Henan Province.
Hulao Pass: Gu Guanming.
Also known as Wu Prison Pass, Wu Prison Pass and Surabaya Pass.
In today's Sishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan Province.
Located in the east and west throats, surrounded by mountains, it is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties.
It was established in the Qin Dynasty because of its land risk.
Every time there is a war in the future, we must fight for it.
Guan Peng (border of western Jin and Yuzhou), Luyangguan.
Tongguan, Huguan, Yanmenguan, Daomaguan (Hongshangguan, known as Changshanguan in Chinese) and Niangziguan.
Yangguan, the ancient name of Guan.
Therefore, it is located in the southwest of Dunhuang County, Gansu Province. Named after living in the south of Yumenguan, together with Yumenguan, it is the transportation gateway of the Western Han Dynasty to the western regions.
After the Song Dynasty, with the gradual reduction of land traffic between China and the West, the customs site was gradually abandoned.
Yang
Yangpingguan was built in 22 1 year.
According to 193 1 The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China published by the Commercial Press, page 957 records: "Yangpingguan is located 30 miles northwest of Zhongjiang, Sichuan, and is an important town after Shu and Han Dynasties, and was destroyed by soldiers in the late Ming Dynasty." In the early Song Dynasty, the Record of Yuanfeng's Nine Domains said: "Yangping Town is one of the six towns in Xuanwu." In the Qing Dynasty, Zhongjiang County Records recorded: "Yangping Town was built in the Han Dynasty.
It is the gateway to the ancient five cities and Xuanwu North, and the only place to go to Mianzhou and Luojiang. "Yangpingguan is both a military pass and a tax checkpoint in history.
In ancient times, Nu people, Qing Dynasty (Taishi) Cheng Daoyang, Lan, and other peasant rebels all camped in Tiantai Mountain and Jiguan Mountain.
Yangping has the site of Huaigui County; After the seventh generation of descendants of Wen Tianxiang, a national hero and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, entered Sichuan from Hunan, a forest of steles was built on the centipede mountain, and the flower monument and the site of Zhengqi Hall were engraved on the Guishan mountain. Tiantai Temple was built in the fifth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty. There is a beautiful legend that the iron peony never goes down the mountain; There is the site of "Ronghai Garden" by Li Fuyuan, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. There is the "Yangping Giant Buddha" built in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty ... which tells people about the historical vicissitudes of Yangpingguan.
Mianzhou myna, recorded in the history of China literature, said, "Bucket Mountain, playing tile drums.
Yangpingguan, sprinkle with white rain.
Under the white rain, take the dragon girl
Woven silk, twenty feet five, half Luojiang, half Xuanwu. "It is to bring people into ancient dreams.
During the light years of Qing Dynasty, Zhongjiang poet He Shengsi (from the north of Zhongjiang City) traveled to Yangpingguan: "Sergeant Mianbeitun, spread here.
Miyun platoon battle, crescent moon like a knife ring.
I cross the peach blossom water, while others sing Bucket Mountain.
It's raining, I expect a smile. The author hopes that one day, this strange and beautiful mountain and river will be redeveloped, and at that time, all people will be smiling.
Jianmen Pass
When Zhuge Liang built the Shu Road in the Three Kingdoms, he saw that the terrain here was steep and there was a natural pass between the two mountain canyons, so he built checkpoints and thought it was a barrier between Shu and Han.
After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wei led his troops here to resist Wei Jun, a hundred thousand of Zhong Hui, until he surrendered to Wei.
In 965, after the Battle of Jianmen, the Shu army was defeated by Song Jun.
Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once described Jianmenguan as follows: "Although the Diaolouguan is strong, one person can keep it, and ten thousand people cannot break it."
Jianmenguan Guanlou was rebuilt in 1980s.
It was rebuilt after being destroyed by fire in 2005.
After being destroyed by the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the Jianmenguan building was built on the site of the Qing Dynasty.
Jia mengguan
Jiamengguan, called Guancheng in ancient times, is located in Zhao Hua Town, Yuanba District, Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province, and Guancheng has disappeared.
Jiamengguan originally belonged to Zhaohua County, Sichuan Province, and was merged into Guangyuan County, Sichuan Province in 1959. 1985 was renamed Guangyuan city, a provincial city, after the county was divided into districts.
There have been many major battles in Jiamengguan area since ancient times. The earliest battle was the battle between Qin and Shu in the fifth year of Shen Zhou Liang Wang (3 16 BC), and the battle of "Zhang Fei burning the midnight oil to beat Ma Chao" in Wei and Shu period made Jia Mengguan famous.
(See Romance of the Three Kingdoms, sixty-five) ["A beach is ten feet high and its luster is in the sky".
From Minjiang River to Futunxi, Guangze County in northern Fujian is located at the highest peak of the source, so the ancients described it.
The "Nine Passes and Thirteen Passes", which is located on the dangerous mountain road around the county seat, is a well-known place where Bamin must pass, and it is also an eye-catching landscape in the mountain city.
Guangze County is located on the border of Fujian and Jiangxi, with high terrain and surrounded by mountains. It is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties, and has been called the Battle City since ancient times.
The high mountains and dangerous roads around the county are all the passes left by wars in past dynasties.
A big mouth is a pass, and a small mouth is a pass.
The mountain passes alternate with each other and echo from afar.
According to records, from north to south, there are nine mountain passes, including Yamu Pass, Malingguan, Yunji Pass, Huoshao Pass, Shantou Pass, fenshuiguan Pass, Tieniu Pass, Suguan Pass and Wang Ji Aoguan Pass, as well as Jinjiaguan Pass, Sheling Pass, Taijian Pass, Kongkeng Pass, Baihuguan, Tian Niu Pass, Fengwei Pass, Yangtou Pass, Yanling Pass and Yang Public Relations Pass.
These "nine passes and thirteen passes" are all located in places where the terrain is dangerous and easy to defend but difficult to attack.
Among these passes, the most famous one is the Sugiyama Pass, which is located on the main road of Sugiyama, about 25 kilometers west of the county seat. It has always been considered as a place that can rely on natural disasters and have nothing to fear. In ancient times, it was called "the first pass of Bamin" and "the West Gate of Oumin".
There are castles and castles on the mountain view ridge, which lock the main passage from Jiangxi to Fujian.
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Chen Youliang, Deng, and other peasant uprising generals all used this place as a base to resist the attack of the rulers' army.
Tieniuguan was originally located in Tieniuling, Daheshan Mountain, which was shaped like an ox. Shi Niu was once a hilltop town.
The rocks inside and outside the pass are rugged and steep.
The two hills in Guanshi are concave all the way, surrounded by dangerous beaches and four Charlie streams, which are as strong as iron drums, so it is called Tieniuguan.
Move back to Niu Ling Pit, 30km northwest of the county seat.
Standing on the top of the mountain, turning off the turret and staring out of the customs has always been known as the "throat place" of the northern Fujian-Jiangxi passage.
Shi Dakai, a famous Taiping Heavenly Kingdom star, and his men broke this barrier that year, which was decided by the glory of invading Fujian.
Fenshuiguan, the elevation of the pass is1180m, and the highest pass is Mushiguan.
The mountains are beautiful, the rocks are rugged, the canyons are deep and steep, the streams are densely covered, and the mountain roads are rugged. It can be described as a natural barrier, and there is a tendency that "one person guards it, and ten thousand people cannot force it".
Tian Niu Mountain Pass is located in the northwest of the county, with an altitude of 925 meters, which is steep and steep, and is the main road leading to Fujian.
"Infinite scenery on the dangerous peak".
Most of the nine passes and thirteen passes are located in steep mountains and strange scenery, which makes people admire the tour.
For example, Yunjiguan, located in Si Qian Township, north of the county seat, means "high and cloudy".
Here, the mountains are majestic, the cliffs are dangerous, Lin Sensen, the roads are winding, the mountains are majestic, the scenery is beautiful and the scenery is unique.
And it is locked in the fog all the year round, and it is spectacular.
People are up there, flying high.
No wonder an ancient poem praised: "There are three thousands of feet stones in the air, and Yaolin flowers everywhere.
I saw this with my own eyes. I doubt that I have arrived at the fairy's house. "
Malingguan, located in the northwest of the county seat, stands in the confrontation between two peaks and leans down to become a "scene".
The peak of the mountain is strange, the spring is clear, and the forest is beautiful. As soon as Lion Mountain is closed, it rises from the peak and heads eastward. Strange Kirin Mountain stands in the south, and Xiangshan stretches its nose in the west, which makes people laugh and admire its scenery.
Not far from Paomagang, a sound similar to that of a horse is made from time to time in the wind. Legend has it that Mu suppressed mountain thieves and left a bell at the top of the mountain, so the enemy outside the customs heard of * * * and dared not attack. It was in this name that it added a mysterious humanistic color to this pass.
For thousands of years, these passes have also been endowed with a strong humanistic color.
Closed doors, city walls, watchtowers and watch sheds all contain the wisdom and ingenuity of the ancients and certain architectural culture.
The origin of Guan Ming is also very interesting, which enriches the connotation of this pass culture.
Some of them are named after legends, such as fire, dark brown rocks and few trees. According to legend, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Yang Liulang "appeased barbarians" and released Yamakaji, all the trees were destroyed, so the trees and stones were black, so they still kept their colors, hence the name fire.
Some are named after their images, such as the duck mother pass, which is slow to the west, and the mountain shape is like a duck stretching its neck and sipping water, hence the name.
Some are named after place names, such as Shantouguan, which is located in Shantoucun, Zhaili Town.
Jinjiaguan is located in Jinjiaguan Natural Village, Si Qian Township.
Scholars of all ages have left many poems to these passes, praising their views.
For example, in "Xiantong", someone attached a poem written by a famous poet in northern Fujian in the Yuan Dynasty: "The mountain city is full of rain and the rocks are clear."
Where is the fairy's home? It's hard to sing a few times. "
Most of the "nine customs and thirteen customs" take the village as the unit, and the people's strength and all materials are taken from the people.
Gateway is the only way for internal and external traffic. People of the two provinces communicate with each other, businessmen communicate with each other and relatives visit each other. Their culture and living habits are very similar.
In peacetime, we will jointly resist foreign aggression in wartime and play a role in ensuring the safety of one side.
Nowadays, these passes are useless. With the passage of time, most of them have been destroyed, leaving only sites as places of interest.
In the 22nd year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1594), in order to consolidate the frontier defense, Chen Yongbin, governor of Yunnan Province, stationed troops in Yingjiang, Longchuan and Ruili frontier defense fortresses.
Eight levels are divided into four levels and four levels.
The last four passes are Kobe Pass, Wan Ren Pass, Jushi Pass and Tongbi Pass; The next four passes are Tiebi Pass, Huju Pass, Hanlong Pass and Tianma Pass.
In the twenty-third year of Wanli (1595), the two armies were stationed and commanded the eight customs.
There are four floors above Haman Garrison and four floors below Ba Long Garrison.
Eight customs stand by risks, easy to defend but difficult to attack.
Kobe pass
Located in Laoguan City, Zhanxi, Yingjiang County, it was originally used to control the main roads such as Chashan, Gu Yong, Weimian and Weixi.
According to the record of "Teng Yue Tang Ji", "Taiwan is 30 feet around, 3 feet high and 5 feet 4 feet high, and there is an office.
The ancient closed cave is seven feet deep, one foot wide and one foot three feet high, with walls on the left and right, each nine feet high. "Bricks and stones still exist in today's Guguan site.
Wan Ren p.
Located at the top of the mountain 1.5km south of Mengnong Township, Yingjiang County.
According to "The Story of Tengyue Hall", "The platform is 30 feet around, 20 feet high and 70 feet high." At that time, the stone foundation of the city wall and the city gate site still existed, and the platform was near 1 10 meters. It is composed of gravel and pebbles, among which the ruins of doorways about 3 meters wide and 3 meters high are still clearly discernible. There is still a plaque engraved with the words "China Wan Ren Pass" on the platform foundation of the gatehouse, which has been broken into several sections and is still relatively complete after splicing. "
Jushi house
Located in Baiyanpo, Xima Township, Yingjiang County, one hour's walk from Xima Township.
It was built on the top of the mountain, commanding, with a panoramic view of the past Mabazi.
It was originally the main road to control Gangxi.
There are also some city bricks and rubble in this site; There is an adobe wall two feet high and more than ten feet long, resting on several huge stones rising from the top of the mountain. There are two plaques engraved with "The Celestial Jushi Tong", which have been broken into several sections. After splicing, one side is relatively complete and the other side is incomplete.
Tongbiguan
Originally located at the top of Buling Mountain, 540 miles southwest of Tengchong City, it was a fortress to control Manha, Hei Hai and Manmo.
According to "The Story of Tengyue Hall", "There are two halls 20 feet around the platform of the city wall, 20 feet high and 50 feet high." In the early Qing dynasty, it moved 50 miles eastward, and the border under its jurisdiction was not lost after it moved inward.
The new customs address is located in Dujiashan, near Sydney Village, Tongbiguan Township, Yingjiang County.
About 200 meters away from the site, it is the seat of the garrison government established in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and its northwest side is Liu Shou Department. There is a well, and the stone wall is engraved with the words "Right Camp Zhong Jun in the 39th year of Qing Qianlong" and "Dragon King".
There is a stone tablet about one meter high and half a meter wide with the word "China" engraved on it.
Tiebiguan
Originally located in Xideng Lianshan, 540 miles southwest of Tengchong City.
During the light years of the Qing Dynasty, the site was moved to Bandeng Mountain in the west of Liang Lei Village, Bangwai Township, Longchuan County.
1885 During the Sino-British joint survey, Lianshan area in the west was included in Myanmar.
Hujuguan
Bangkang Mountain, located in the former Longchuan area, is now the back mountain of the western plate of the foreigner street in Myanmar, 60 or 70 miles away from Zhangfeng in Longchuan County.
Hanlongguan
Mount Mangbang, located in the south of the original Ruili area, is now Gongmao Mountain in the northeast of Namkham Province, Myanmar.
1885, when the China-Britain Association went to Hanlongguan, two stone tablets with the words "Longguan" were excavated at the site, and the stone gate of the pass still existed.
This land was later occupied by the British.
1960, when China and Myanmar demarcated, they were included in Myanmar together with Namkham.
Tianmaguan
It is located on Xibangqian Mountain in the triangle at the junction of Ruili and Longchuan.
Tomorrow, the five-year volume of Yunnan Tongzhi will be published: "Tianma is closed on the mountain of Xibang, 26 feet high, 23 feet high and 44 feet high. There are offices to control important roads such as Meng Guang, Mengmi and Mengqu. " From Lane Road in Ruili City to Manyun 15km, it takes another day to reach the "Habuxin Clam" (meaning a place bounded by stones), which is the location of Tianma Pass.
It is said that there is also a boundary pillar more than ten feet high, and only three people can be accommodated around it. There is a seal and Chinese characters on it.
In the forty-five years of Qing Qianlong (1780), Qianlong ordered that Tongbi Pass and Tiebi Pass should be set up one level smaller than the pass, and nine passes should be set up in Tengchong, Lianghe, Yingjiang and Longchuan, with Gu Yong Pass, Diantan Pass, Mingguang Pass, Datang Pass and zhina Pass from north to south.
Later, Cizhu Pass was added, but the time was not long.
There is no permanent building in Jiuguan, which is surrounded by trees and guarded by a fixed number of people.
The first four passes are in Tengchong, and the last five passes are in Dehong.
At present, there is only Shangsi Pass in Yingjiang County in China. 1987, people in Yingjiang County erected a monument in Shangsi Pass and reported it as a cultural relic protection unit.