1 China hominids were Yuanmou people and lived for about1.7000 years. They have made and used tools and used natural fire. Found in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province.

? Whether you can make tools is the fundamental difference between human and animals.

? The population of Beijing is about 700,000 ~ 200,000 years. It was discovered in Zhoukoudian, Fangshan, Beijing today. They still retain some characteristics of apes. They can make and use tools. They can use natural fire. They can also keep kindling and live in groups.

? This humanoid cave has a history of about 30,000 years and was found in Longgushan Cave in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing. Its shape is the same as that of modern people. It still uses hammering stone tools, but it has mastered the drilling technology, making a living by gathering, hunting and fishing, knowing how to love beauty, sewing clothes with bone needles, and its social organization form is matriarchal clan commune.

? Lesson 2

? 1. Hemudu lived in Yaohemudu, Zhejiang Province about 7000 years ago. They will make and use grinded stone tools, cultivate land with bones, plant rice, dig wells, raise livestock, make pottery and simple jade and primitive musical instruments, live in a dry fence house and live a stable life.

? About 5600 years ago, Banpo people lived in banpo village, Xi, Shaanxi. They generally used grinding stone tools, plowed farmland with wood, planted millet and vegetables, raised livestock and made painted pottery, and a primitive family textile industry appeared, living in a semi-basement house.

? 3. Hemudu primitive farming site is the representative of the matriarchal clan commune in the Yangtze River basin. Banpo primitive farming site is the representative of matriarchal clan in the prosperous period of the Yellow River basin.

? 4. With the development of social productive forces, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in the late Dawenkou culture.

? Lesson 3

? 1. Yan Di and Huangdi are the tribal leaders of the Yellow River Valley in ancient legends of China. They defeated Chiyou together in the battle of Zen Deer, which promoted the formation of the Chinese nation and established the position of the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation.

? 2. It is said that the Yellow Emperor and his subordinates made great contributions to the formation of Chinese civilization, and later generations respectfully called the Yellow Emperor "the ancestor of mankind".

? 3. The abdication system refers to the system of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders among tribes in the late primitive society [Yao, Shun and Yu periods].

? 4. "Going home without going in" refers to the story of Dayu's water control. Around 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in the history of China, was established, which marked the emergence of the early state in China, and the history of China entered the slave society from primitive society.

? Lesson 4

? 1. The second king of Xia Dynasty was Qi, the son of Yu. The Xia Dynasty made Yangcheng its capital, formulated criminal laws and established government, army, prison and other state institutions. The state institutions in Xia Dynasty were tools for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves. Jie, the last king of the Xia Dynasty, exercised tyranny, which led to the defeat of the Xia Dynasty by Tang, the monarch of the Shang Dynasty, and United the neighboring small countries. About 1600 BC, the Xia Dynasty was established.

? 2. Shang Dynasty Monarch Tang attached great importance to talents, cared about people and attached importance to economic development. He destroyed the Xia Dynasty when it declined, and established the Shang Dynasty in about 1600 BC.

? 3. [Cause] Due to floods and political turmoil, the capital was moved several times at the beginning of the Shang Dynasty. After King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved to Yin, the capital was stable, so later people called Shang Dynasty Yin Dynasty. Zhou, the last king of Shang Dynasty, was a tyrant who created "the punishment of branding".

? 4. Zhou Wuwang defeated the Shang Dynasty in the battle of Makino in BC 1046, and the Shang Dynasty perished, and established the Western Zhou Dynasty, with Haojing as its capital [now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province], which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

? The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the system of enfeoffment. Objective: to consolidate the rule of slave countries; Methods: Zhou Tianzi distributed the land and population to relatives and heroes and made them princes. The relationship between the vassal and the emperor: the vassal obeyed the emperor's orders, paid tribute, defended the frontier, and led troops to fight against the emperor in wartime; Significance: It consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, developed the frontier and made the Zhou Dynasty strong.

? 6. During the period of Zhou Liwang in the Western Zhou Dynasty, "China Riot" took place. "China people" are civilians. In 77 1 year BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty fell, and the monarch of national subjugation: Zhou Youwang. In the second year, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyang, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was established.

? Lesson Five

? 1. The bronze casting industry in China started at the end of primitive society and developed in Xia Dynasty. Shang Dynasty is a glorious period of bronze culture, and its masterpiece is Simu Wuding (the largest bronze ware in the world, with a height of1.33m). Long 1. 1 m, weighing 832.84 kg), with a strange shape. There are many kinds of bronzes in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The unique Sanxingdui culture in Chengdu Plain, like the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, is represented by large bronze statues.

? 2. China was the first country to invent porcelain in the world, and there were kilns for firing primitive celadon in Shang Dynasty.

? 3. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties were societies dominated by agriculture (farming and animal husbandry). There were "five grains" (including rice, millet, millet, wheat and beans) in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Agriculture has production techniques such as seed selection, fertilization and pest control. Bronze farm tools appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but slaves lived a miserable life and had a low status. They can be freely transferred and traded, and even killed for sacrifice and burial.

? Lesson 6

? 1. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

? 2. Reasons for the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family declined, unable to control the princes, and instead, the emperor was attached to the powerful princes, who competed for land and population. The famous overlords are Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.

? 3. Qi Huangong's hegemonic conditions: (1) Qi is a big country in the East and has a material basis for hegemony; (2) Guan Zhong's political reform made Qi rich and strong; (3) "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" gained political advantages; (4) Convene governors' alliances for many times to establish hegemony. The above conditions made Qi Huangong the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

? 4. Jin defeated Chu in the battle of Chengpu, and Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains. The idiom "Away from Miyake" originated from the Battle of Chengpu.

? 5. The influence of the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: it has brought disaster to the society, and there has also been a trend of unification.

? 6. "Three clans divided into Jin" and "Tian's generation of Qi" later formed the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period of Qin, Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi. During the Warring States period, the famous battles were the battle of Guiling between Qi and Wei (encircling Wei to save Zhao) and the battle of Maling (cutting stoves), and the battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao (on paper).

? Lesson 7

? 1. Productivity transformation: iron farm tools appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the scope of use expanded during the Warring States Period; Niu Geng appeared at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and was popular in the Warring States Period. Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China. During the Warring States period, in order to develop the economy and meet the needs of war, countries also paid attention to building water conservancy projects.

? 2. During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, built Dujiangyan on the Minjiang River. Significance: Eliminate the flood of Minjiang River, irrigate a lot of farmland, and make Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".

? 3. The development of productive forces is the root cause of social change in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Warring States period, the emerging landlord class established feudal rule, developed feudal economy and set off a political reform movement.

? 4. Shang Yang's political reform: Measures: (1) Recognize private ownership of land and allow free trading; (2) Reward farming; (3) establish a county system. The reason for success: Qin Xiaogong's support. Significance: Qin became the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period, which made it possible for Qin to unify China.

? 5. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the slave society in China collapsed and the feudal society was formed. The main class contradiction in feudal society is the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.

? Lesson 8

? 1. Chinese characters have gone through Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang Dynasty) → Shang Dynasty bronze inscriptions → Dazhuan (late Western Zhou Dynasty) → Xiaozhuan (Qin Dynasty).

? 2. The lunar calendar, also known as the "summer calendar", is said to have originated in the Xia Dynasty. The calendar of Shang dynasty was gradually completed, and the year was divided into 65438+ February. During the Warring States period, the twenty-four solar terms were measured and agricultural production was arranged.

? 3. Bian Que was a famous doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, who invented the Four Diagnoses of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

? 4. Qu Yuan lived in Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period, absorbed the essence of folk songs and created a new style poem in Chu dialect. His masterpiece Li Sao is a lyric poem. It is the "Dragon Boat Festival" for world cultural celebrities to commemorate Qu Yuan.

? Lesson 9

? 1. Confucius: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the founder of Confucianism, and his core idea was "benevolence". Educational thoughts and achievements include: establishing private schools, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, educating students to be modest and eager to learn, and learning new things by reviewing old ones. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.

? 2. Laozi: Late Spring and Autumn Period. He is the author of Tao Te Ching, and thinks that everything has its negative side, mainly combining rigidity with softness.

? 3. Mozi: During the Warring States Period, the founder of Mohism advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression".

? 4. Mencius: a representative of Confucianism in the Warring States period, proposed that "the Spring and Autumn War is meaningless" and advocated "benevolent politics" and rational use of resources.

? 5. Xunzi: Another representative figure of Confucianism in the Warring States Period. He put forward the idea of "mastering fate and making use of it".

? 6. Zhuangzi: a representative figure of Taoism in the Warring States Period, who advocated "inaction".

? 7. Han Fei: At the end of the Warring States period, the Legalist school was a representative figure who advocated the rule of law and established a centralized monarchy.

? 8。 Sun Wu: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the originator of military strategists. Mainly wrote Sun Tzu's Art of War, and put forward the idea of "know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle".

? Lesson 10

? 1. In 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, wiped out the six eastern countries and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China, with Xianyang as its capital.

? 2. Qin Shihuang's measures to consolidate reunification: (1) establishing centralization; (2) county system; (3) unify currency and weights and measures to promote economic and cultural exchanges; (3) Unifying the script as Xiao Zhuan to promote cultural exchange and development; (4) Burning books to bury Confucianism and strengthening ideological control; (5) Attack the Huns in the north, build the Great Wall, open the Lingqu and develop southern Xinjiang. Significance: It consolidated the multi-ethnic feudal country.

? Lesson 1 1. The reason why the peasant war broke out or the Qin Dynasty perished at the end of the Qin Dynasty: the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.

? 2. The first stage was Chen Guang Uprising, also known as Daze Township Uprising, which established the "Zhang Chu" regime. Significance: This is the first large-scale unit peasant uprising in my history, which has the initiative spirit.

? 3. The second category is the uprisings of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang. Xiang Yu commanded the Battle of Julu (cross the rubicon) and defeated Qin Jun's main force. Liu Bangxian entered Xianyang, and the Qin Dynasty perished in 206 BC.

? Lesson 12

? 1. The rule of Wenjing: At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed, and the rulers learned the lessons of the Qin Dynasty's death, paid attention to reducing the burden on farmers and developing agricultural production, which led to the first prosperity of China's feudal society. Influence: It laid a material foundation for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to realize great unification.

? 2. The unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: realization conditions: Emperor Wu himself was brilliant and reused sages; The rule of Wenjing laid a material foundation for the formation of a unified situation. Specific measures: (1) Adopt Zhufuyan's suggestion politically. Promulgating the "Tuen Decree" to weaken the kingdom; (2) ideologically accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion: "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", vigorously promote Confucian education, (3) militarily counterattack Xiongnu and ease the invasion of northern Xinjiang; (4) Economically, the local salt and iron management rights and the coinage rights will be brought into the central government to achieve economic unity. Significance: The Western Han Dynasty achieved great unification and reached its peak.

? 3. The thought of Western Han Dynasty began to become the orthodox thought of feudal society during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty; Imperial academy, established in Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty, was the highest institution of learning in ancient China.

? Lesson 13

? 1. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Xiongnu leader Morton Khan unified the Mongolian grassland for the first time and established a powerful country. Because of his long-term campaign in the Central Plains, he was forced to adopt the policy of "pro-marriage" to Xiongnu in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty.

? 2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty countered the Huns: Conditions: the national strength was strong and a powerful cavalry was organized. Process: counterattack Xiongnu and capture Hetao and Hexi Corridor; BC 1 19: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing commanded Mobei Campaign and defeated Xiongnu, so Xiongnu could no longer fight against the Western Han Dynasty.

? 3. During the Western Han Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhaojun, a palace maid, married Uhaanyehe, a Hun. Contribute to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchange between Han and Xiongnu.

Sorry, if you have anything important, go and find it yourself! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !