Lesson 1 The Rise of Industry and Commerce

First, the factory developed from here.

1, handicraft workshops first appeared in Italy in14th century.

2. Handicraft workshops in China appeared in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

3. The characteristics of handicraft workshops:

(1) When hired labor appears, the workshop owner no longer participates in production personally.

(2) There are many workers and they cooperate with each other.

(3) Large production scale and high output.

4. The development of handicraft workshops and its social impact:

(1) has improved people's lives.

(2) It has promoted the development of commercial trade.

(3) It has promoted the changes of social stratum and social structure.

Second, the status of businessmen has changed.

1, changes in the status of businessmen

(1) Identity change: both a manual workshop owner and a businessman.

(2) changes in economic status: economic strength exceeds that of princes and nobles.

(3) Changes in political status: Businessmen can serve as mayors.

2. New social stratum

Handicraft Workshop Owners-Early Capitalists

Hired workers-the predecessor of the working class

3. Declining class aristocracy

The second lesson is to break through the cage of thought.

I. Renaissance Movement

1, the Renaissance movement rose in Italy in the14th century, and promoted the humanistic spirit through literary and artistic creation.

2. Main representatives

(1) Leonardo da Vinci: Italian artist, the most perfect representative of the Renaissance. His masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Shakespeare: English playwright, whose masterpieces include Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet.

(3) Dante: Italian writer, his masterpiece The Divine Comedy.

4, humanistic spirit-people-oriented, people-centered world.

Third, the religious reform in Europe.

1, the atonement ticket-sold by the Roman Catholic Church to collect money.

2. "The Pope's Cattle"-Germany

3, the religious reform:

German religious reformer Martin Luther initiated the religious reform and advocated that all religious beliefs are equal.

4. The Reformation made European countries get rid of the control of the Roman church and embark on the road of independent development.

Fourth, the birth of modern science

1, British scientist bacon-"knowledge is power"

2. Copernicus, a Polish scientist, founded the "Heliocentrism", which is known as "the beginning of the scientific revolution".

3. Italian scientist Bruno-the universe is infinite and has no center.

4. Italian scientist Galileo-known as "the father of modern science" and "Columbus in the sky"

5, British scientist Newton-the law of gravity

V enlightenment 17,1France in the 8th century

Purpose: Advocate freedom, equality and democracy, oppose religious ignorance and feudal autocracy, and publicize the power of reason.

2. Main representatives

(1) Voltaire, a French thinker and standard-bearer of the Enlightenment, advocated natural human rights, freedom and equality.

(2) Rousseau, an outstanding representative of the French Enlightenment, advocated people's sovereignty.

(3) Encyclopedia de France advocates scientific rationality and opposes superstitious autocracy.

Lesson 3 The world begins to move towards the whole.

First of all, the opening of new routes

1. Reasons for opening new routes

(1) With the rapid development of industry and commerce in Europe, Europeans are crazy about precious metals.

(2) The Travels of Marco Polo aroused the strong desire of Europeans to pursue wealth.

(3) The traditional trade routes between East and West are blocked, and Europeans urgently need to open up new trade routes.

2. Conditions for opening new routes

(1) Western Europeans have been able to build large ships suitable for long voyage.

(2) Accumulated rich and advanced navigation technology.

(3) Compass needles have been widely used in navigation.

(4) People began to believe in the theory of the earth circle.

3. Opening of new routes

1487- 1488 Diaz (Portugal)-Cape of Good Hope in Africa

1492- 1502 Columbus (Italy) Spain-America continent

1497— 1498 da gama (Portugal) Portugal India

1519 ——1522 Magellan (Portugal), the first human voyage around the world.

4. The positive significance of opening up new routes.

(1) has strengthened the links between continents.

(2) It has greatly promoted the development of international trade.

(3) Promote the exchange and development of civilizations in different regions, and make the world move towards the whole.