The evolution of land system in China is 1. Primitive society, clan public ownership, collective farming, equal distribution. 2. In the slave society (Xia and Shang Dynasties-Late Spring and Autumn Period), the essence of Yun Qi (1) was that the aristocratic land was owned by the king. (2) Performance: ① "commons": aristocratic possession; ② "Private land": farmers are granted only the right to use, but no ownership (3) Contents: ① All land is nominally owned by the state; (2) The king distributed the land to nobles at all levels for generations to enjoy, but it was not allowed to transfer or buy or sell; The vassal should pay a certain tribute to the king (3) disintegration: loyalty, mutual decline; Lu Chu expropriated mu and recognized the legitimacy of private land; The Qin political reform recognized the legality of private possession of land, allowed land to be bought and sold freely, and promoted the development of landlord economy. 3. In feudal society (Warring States-1840), all kinds of private ownership of land-"official land (commons)"-1. Private ownership of yeoman's land; 2. Private ownership of sovereign land; 3. Land ownership of landlords (landlords). Since the song dynasty, tenancy management has become an important management mode, second only to the form of yeoman? During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tenancy system spread all over the country and became the main form of land rent in rural economy: labor-material object (Song Dynasty)-currency (Ming and Qing Dynasties). Farmers' autonomy and enthusiasm improve their personal attachment. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful landlords formed the grange, and the grange workers and the grange owners formed a strong personal attachment relationship. After that, the dependency relationship became weaker and weaker, especially after the establishment of the contract rent payment method in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The liberated farmers have improved their autonomy in production, increased their enthusiasm and promoted the development of agriculture. 4. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China (1840-1924), feudal land ownership was dominant (as of 1952) (1), and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: "China's farmland system" was privately owned by farmers. Egalitarianism (2) Revolution of 1911: the concept of equal land rights (5). During the National Revolution (1924- 1927) Purpose: Initiate the policy of peasants against warlords: The influence of land to the tiller (slogan): It is conducive to developing the peasant movement and opposing warlord rule, August 7th Party Congress 1927, Jinggangshan. 6. Ten-year confrontation period (1927 ——1937) Purpose: In order to meet farmers' land requirements, the policy is:1927 to fight local tyrants and divide fields; 193 1 agrarian revolution, peasant land ownership route: relying on poor peasants, hiring peasants, uniting middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized businesses, eliminating the landlord class, and changing feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into peasant land ownership: consolidating rural revolutionary base areas; The poor peasants and farm labourers turned over politically, got land economically, secured their livelihood, and mobilized their revolutionary enthusiasm. 7. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937- 1945), the base construction-mass production movement (a mass production self-help movement led by soldiers and civilians in the anti-Japanese base areas in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period) was carried out. The purpose of land reclamation by the army is to consolidate the rural revolutionary base areas. Impact: The large-scale production movement in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area and the anti-Japanese base areas behind enemy lines has developed healthily and achieved remarkable results. The output value of agriculture and industry and commerce has increased rapidly, the burden on the people has been greatly reduced, and the life of the military and civilians has improved significantly. Large-scale production movement made the base areas through a period of serious economic difficulties and laid a material foundation for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory. (2) Landlords reduce rent and interest, and farmers pay rent and interest. Purpose: unite all forces to win the war of resistance against Japan. (2) Impact: the Communist Party of China (CPC) changed the policy of confiscating the landlord's land when ethnic contradictions became the main contradiction, and recognized the landlord's land ownership, the landlord's creditor's rights to farmers and the tenancy relationship. But to some extent, it restricted the feudal exploitation of landlords and improved the material life of farmers. This measure combines the consolidation of the anti-Japanese national United front with the liberation of farmers, which not only mobilizes farmers' enthusiasm for production, but also helps unite landlords and consolidate the anti-Japanese United front. 8. During the War of Liberation (1945- 1949) Purpose: To arouse the revolutionary enthusiasm of the broad masses: 1946-5 "Instructions on Clearing up Rent Reduction and Land Reduction" changed rent reduction and interest reduction to confiscation of landlord land and distribution to farmers; 1947 The Outline of the Land Law of China gave the land to the tiller. Without solving the land problem, it is impossible to really mobilize the broad masses of peasants and complete the anti-feudal task. During the ten-year confrontation between the Kuomintang regime and the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression regime, China formulated a feasible land reform policy according to the domestic contradictions at that time. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the main contradictions in China society have changed. In order to meet the needs of establishing an anti-Japanese national United front, the policy of reducing rent and interest can no longer meet the requirements of the broad masses of farmers. In order to completely eliminate the feudal exploitation system, China formulated the Outline of China Land Law. This is a relatively perfect program of agrarian revolution. 9. After the founding of the People's Republic of China (1949 to present) (1) 1950 Land reform to feudal land ownership → farmers' land ownership, distribution according to work ① Objective: Farmers in newly liberated areas urgently demand land; In order to completely abolish the feudal private ownership of land

② Policy: Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China ③ Features: The policy of preserving the rich peasant economy ④ Impact: 1952 China basically completed the land reform and completely abolished the feudal land exploitation system; The peasants turned over and liberated, and the rural productive forces liberated (2) 1953- 1956 to transform agricultural socialism; Farmers' land ownership → collective ownership, with average distribution 1958. People's commune is a "big public ownership" with large-scale collective ownership. Average distribution ① Guiding ideology and principles: active development, steady progress and voluntary mutual benefit ② Methods: typical demonstration and gradual progress ③ Process: mutual aid groups (social budding: private land and joint labor), primary agricultural production cooperatives (semi-socialization: land shareholding and unified management) and advanced agricultural production cooperatives (complete socialization: land ownership and collective ownership) (3)199. ② Direction: specialization, commercialization and socialization. After the reform, the new system combines decentralized family management with unified collective management. ③ Nature: The nature of rural economic system reform is still socialist public ownership ④ Essence: on the basis of land public ownership, rural production and distribution are given autonomy. ⑤ Significance: The reform of rural economic system mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, liberated rural productive forces and promoted the development of agriculture; Promote industrial restructuring. Rural reform is gradually developing towards specialization, commercialization and socialization. It provides conditions for the reform of urban economic system.