Indian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a history of about 5000 years. In BC 1500, Aryan tribes from northwest invaded here; Their combination with the local people created the classic Vedic culture. After that, Arabs invaded this land in the 8th century, followed by Turks who arrived in the 2nd century and European businessmen who arrived here at the end of the 5th century.
After defeating the local Mughal Empire, Britain successfully gained control of India in the19th century, leaving only a few areas ruled by Portugal and France. The non-violent resistance movement led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru finally won full independence for India in 1947. The subcontinent was eventually divided into "secular" India and smaller Muslim country Pakistan.
Despite India's remarkable economic achievements, she still faces many challenges, such as territorial conflict with Pakistan on Kashmir, population expansion, environmental damage, poverty and ethnic and religious conflicts in India.
From 2350 BC to 65438 BC+0750 BC, it created a splendid Indus civilization (also known as Harappa culture). 1800 ~ 600 BC is the famous Vedic era in India. In the late Vedic era (about 1000 ~ 600 BC), four castes, namely Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra, emerged as the seeds of slavery. From the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, it was the Buddha period in India and the second urban prosperity period after the Indus civilization. During this period, Siddhartha Gautama (Sakyamuni), the prince of the Kapylovi Kingdom in ancient India (now Nepal), founded Buddhism. In 322 BC, Chandra Gupta established the Peacock Dynasty and formed a unified slave country. From about 320 to 540, under the rule of Gupta dynasty, a unified feudal country was formed. Since the 8th century, Arabs began to invade, 1206 established the Sultanate of Delhi, and Islamic culture was introduced. 1526 babur established the Mughal Empire, unified different sects and nationalities, and became one of the most powerful countries in the world. European colonialists invaded India from16th century, and the British East India Company was founded from 1600. 1757 India was defeated in the Plasi War and gradually became a British colony. All the territory of 1849 was occupied by Britain. 1857 After the Indian national uprising, the Mughal dynasty ended. The British government ruled India directly. After World War II, the national liberation movement rose. 1947 In June, British Governor mountbatten put forward the mountbatten Plan, which divided India into two autonomous territories, India and Pakistan. In the same year, divided India became independent on August 5, 65438. 1950 65438+1On October 26th, the Republic of India was established as a member of the Commonwealth, with J. Nehru as Prime Minister. After Nehru's death, his daughter, Mrs. I Gandhi, was elected as the leader and prime minister of the Congress Party in 1966. 1977 the people's party won the general election and m Desai became prime minister. 1980 I Gandhi was re-elected as prime minister, 1984 was assassinated. His eldest son, R Gandhi, won the election in the same year and took over as prime minister. In the general election of 1989, the Congress Party was defeated and Gandhi resigned. In February of the same year, V.P. Singh, leader of the National Front, formed the first minority government after India's independence. 1990110 In October, Singh's government collapsed, and the leader of the People's Party, Chandra Shihal, became prime minister with the support of the National Congress, forming a very small government, which was weaker than the previous government.
1991March, Premier Secard was forced to resign because he lost the support of the Congress Party. In June, Rao, the new president of the Congress Party, formed a government. 1In May 1996, the Congress Party led by Rao failed in the parliamentary election and announced its resignation. The Bharatiya Janata Party led by Vajpayee won.
1The new cabinet formed in April 1997 is a coalition government composed of the People's Party, the Socialist Party, the Assam People's Alliance, the Telugu Township Party, the Gormantak Party in Maharashtra, the National Congress Party (Thivaree Party), the Tamil Manila Congress Party and other political parties and independents.
politics
/kloc-The Indian Constitution, which came into effect in 0/950, stipulates that India is a federal country and a sovereign, socialist and secular democratic republic. Parliament consists of the Federal House (upper house) and the People's House (lower house). The Vice President is the Speaker of the Statutory Federal Council. 1991the government formed in June was reorganized in June 1993, with P.V.N Rao as the prime minister. 1In June, 1996, Bharatiya Janata Party Gundam won a vote of confidence in Parliament, replacing Rao as Prime Minister. 1in April 1997, I.K. Gujral became prime minister. 1998 In March, Vajpayee was re-appointed as Prime Minister.
The main political parties are: ① Indian Congress Party (I Gandhi), referred to as Congress Party (Britain). Established in 1885. ② People's Party, founded in 1988. ③ Bharatiya Janata Party, founded in 1980. (4) India was founded in 1933. (5) India * * * (Marxism), 1964 split from communist party, India.
economy
India's economy has developed greatly since independence. To implement a "mixed economy" in which state-owned economy and private economy coexist, industry has a considerable foundation, with emphasis on basic industry, heavy industry and chemical industry. High-tech products and cutting-edge technologies have developed rapidly, and most industrial products have achieved self-sufficiency. Gross industrial output accounts for 27% of GDP. Agriculture absorbs 70% of India's labor force, and its output value accounts for 38% of GDP. The total agricultural output value ranks fourth in the world. Industry has gradually formed a relatively complete system with strong self-reliance ability, and its total industrial output value ranks fourth among developing China countries. In recent years, problems such as fiscal deficit, trade deficit, foreign debt burden, increased unemployment and inflation have become increasingly serious, which has restricted economic development. Monetary unit in Indian Rupee; The exchange rate is 3 1.38 rupees 1 USD (1994).
India is rich in resources. The main resources are coal, iron ore, bauxite, chromite, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, limestone, gold, oil and natural gas. The forest coverage rate is about 20%. The output value of state-owned and private enterprises accounts for 30% and 60% of the total industrial output value respectively. Chemical, metallurgical, power equipment, petrochemical and other heavy industrial products account for about 50% of the total industrial output value. Textile, food, leather, paper and other light industrial products account for about 27%. In recent years, emerging industries such as electronics, precision instruments, automobiles, aviation and aerospace have developed rapidly. The rural population accounts for about 74% of the national population. The cultivated land area in China is about 1.4 1 100 million hectares, of which the irrigated area accounts for 32.8%. It is an important cotton-producing country in the world. After 1980s, the development speed of service industry and tourism industry was higher than other industries. The government gives priority to the development of tourism. The main tourist spots are Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nalanda, Mysore, Goa, Hyderabad, Trang and Trifan.
Transportation mainly depends on railways, which is also the largest state-owned sector in India. 1992 The total length of the railway is 6257 1 km, ranking first in Asia and fourth in the world. In recent years, highway transportation has developed rapidly. 199 1 with a total length of 2.04 million kilometers, it is one of the largest highway networks in the world. There are 53 shipping companies, 30 of which are engaged in ocean transportation. Mumbai is the largest port in China. Other major ports are Kolkata, Madras and Cochin. International airlines reach major cities on all continents. China has four international airports: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Madras.
Successive Indian governments have pursued the import substitution strategy, encouraging exports and restricting imports. It mainly imports petroleum and its products, jewelry raw materials, chemical raw materials, mechanical and electrical equipment, steel and so on. Main exports: jewelry products, clothing, mechanical hardware products, chemical products, etc. India is the world's largest producer of tea and spices. The main areas of India's foreign trade are the European Community, the Asia-Pacific region and North America. The largest foreign investor in India is Britain, followed by the United States. In recent years, investment from Germany and Japan has been increasing. India is one of the major recipient countries in the world. Loans from international financial institutions and bilateral loans from the Indian government and other countries account for 60% and 40% of the total foreign aid respectively. 90% of the former is provided by the World Bank Group.
military affairs
The Indian army used to be mercenaries of British colonialists. 1947 After partition of india, the navy, army and air force were established on this basis. 1978 created an independent coast guard. The general of Indian public laundry system is nominally the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the cabinet is the highest military decision-making body. The Ministry of National Defense is responsible for the command, management and coordination of troops. The service headquarters is responsible for formulating and implementing operational plans and directing operational actions. The actual executors are the respective chiefs of staff of the three armed forces. The army, navy and air force are 6.5438+0.265 million, ranking fourth in the world. The recruitment system is implemented, the age of enlistment is 16 ~ 28 years old, and there is no uniform service period.
cultural education
Implement 12 consistent primary and secondary education. Higher education lasts for 8 years, including 3 years of undergraduate, 2 years of master and 3 years of doctor. In addition, there are various vocational and technical education and adult education. Famous universities include Delhi University and Nehru University.
Diplomatic relations
India is one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement. Successive governments have emphasized that non-alignment is the foundation of their foreign policy, and strive to develop relations with all countries and play an important role in regional and international affairs. With the end of the cold war and the drastic changes in the international situation, the government has adjusted its foreign policy. While continuing to adhere to the direction of the Non-Aligned Movement, it emphasizes the practical significance of its existence and demands equal participation in international affairs. Give priority to improving relations with neighboring countries in order to maintain a regional security environment conducive to their own development; Focus on strengthening relations with the United States and western countries, especially economic relations, and strive to introduce more technology and funds; Maintain friendly and cooperative relations with China, and attach increasing importance to cooperation and exchanges with countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
India and China established diplomatic relations on April 1950. 1962, due to the Indian army crossing the border, a large-scale armed conflict occurred on the border. 1976 after the two sides resumed the exchange of ambassadors, the relations between the two countries gradually improved. The exchange of visits between the two countries is increasing. There are mainly border issues between China and India. From June 1989 to June 1993, the China-India Joint Working Group held six rounds of talks. The two sides agreed to take concrete measures to maintain peace and tranquility in the actual control line area of the Sino-Indian border and signed relevant agreements.
India established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union 1947, which is closely related. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, India recognized the independence of the former Soviet Union 15 republics and vigorously developed contacts with them. Since 1947 partition of india, India-Pakistan relations have been restless. The main dispute between the two sides is the ownership of Kashmir. 1948, 1965, 197 1 three full-scale wars broke out. 197 1 year diplomatic relations, 1976 diplomatic relations, eased in the 1980s. There are many contacts with neighboring countries in South Asia, but there are also many contradictions. 1In February, 1992, the President of India further stated that he would give priority to strengthening relations with neighboring countries.